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  • Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide: abundant immunoreactivity in neural cell lines and normal nervous tissue. 1273576

    Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide immunoreactivity is present in high concentrations in clonal lines of neuronal and glial origin. The central nervous system and sympathetic ganglia are also rich in the peptide. The findings suggest that this peptide, hitherto thought limited to the gastrointestinal tract, is widely distributed in neural tissue and may have broad physiological significance.
    Document Type:
    Reference
    Product Catalog Number:
    AB982

  • Distribution of vasoactive intestinal peptide and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide receptors (VPAC1, VPAC2, and PAC1 receptor) in the rat brain. 15282712

    To examine the distributions of VIP/PACAP receptors (VPAC1, VPAC2, and PAC1 receptors) in the brain and to identify the cell types that express these receptors, we performed immunohistochemistry and double immunofluorescence in the rat brain with specific antibodies. The immunohistochemistry revealed that the receptors had distinctive, complementary, and overlapping distribution patterns. High levels of the VPAC1 receptor were expressed in the cerebral cortex, hippocampal formation, deep cerebellar nuclei, thalamus, hypothalamus, and brainstem. The VPAC2 receptors were concentrated in the cerebral cortex, hippocampal formation, amygdalar regions, cerebellar cortex, deep cerebellar nuclei, hypothalamus, and brainstem. On the other hand, the PAC1 receptors had a more restricted distribution pattern in the brain, and high levels of the PAC1 receptors were confined to the cerebellar cortex, deep cerebellar nuclei, epithalamus, hypothalamus, brainstem, and white matter of many brain regions. Also, many fibers expressing the PAC1 receptors were observed in various areas, i.e., the thalamus, hypothalamus, and brainstem. The double immunofluorescence showed that the VIP/PACAP receptors were confined to the neuroglia as well as the neurons. All three types of the VIP/PACAP receptors were expressed in the astrocytes, and the PAC1 receptors were also expressed in the oligodendrocytes. These findings indicate that VIP and PACAP exert their functions through their receptors in specific locations in different combinations. We hope that this first demonstration of the distributions of the VIP/PACAP receptors provides data useful in the investigation of the mechanisms of the many functions of VIP and PACAP in the brain, which require further elucidation.
    Document Type:
    Reference
    Product Catalog Number:
    AB1243

  • Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in the pituitary pars nervosa. 471186

    Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) is a widely distributed neuropeptide which has recently been found in the hypothalamus and in hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal blood. We have examined the pituitary of several mammalian species for the presence of VIP by immunocytochemistry and radioimmunoassay and report here that the pars nervosa contains a considerable quantity of VIP (100-250 fmol/mg) which, in the dog, can be shown to be present in nerve fibres. It is possible that neurohypophyseal VIP may be a local releasing agent for vasopressin.
    Document Type:
    Reference
    Product Catalog Number:
    AB982

  • Localization of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) to central and peripheral neurons. 787988

    The localization of the vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) has been studied with immunohistochemistry and radioimmunoanalysis. VIP immunoreactivity is present in gastrointestinal nerves, which constitute a quantitatively important nerve population that may be intrinsic to the gut wall. VIP-immunoreactive neurons are also found within the ventromedial hypothalamus and give off processes that travel latteral to the third ventricle. Results of radioimmunoanalysis strongly indicate that the immunoreactive material represents true VIP. Thus VIP, at present a gastrointestinal hormone candidate, appears to represent a new neuronal peptide occurring in both the central and peripheral nervous system.
    Document Type:
    Reference
    Product Catalog Number:
    AB982

  • Spatiotemporal distribution of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide receptor 2 in mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus. 22684939

    Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) signaling is critical for circadian rhythms. For example, the expression of VIP and its main receptor, VPAC2R, is necessary for maintaining synchronous daily rhythms among neurons in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), a master circadian pacemaker in animals. Where and when VPAC2R protein is expressed in the SCN and other brain areas has not been examined. Using immunohistochemistry, we characterized a new antibody and found that VPAC2R was highly enriched in the SCN and detectable at low levels in many brain areas. Within the SCN, VPAC2R was circadian, peaking in the subjective morning, and abundantly expressed from the rostral to caudal margins with more in the dorsomedial than ventrolateral area. VPAC2R was found in nearly all SCN cells including neurons expressing either VIP or vasopressin (AVP). SCN neurons mainly expressed VPAC2R in their somata and dendrites, not axons. Finally, constant light increased VIP and AVP expression, but not VPAC2R. We conclude that the circadian clock, not the ambient light level, regulates VPAC2R protein localization. These results are consistent with VPAC2R playing a role in VIP signaling at all times of day, broadly throughout the brain and in all SCN cells.
    Document Type:
    Reference
    Product Catalog Number:
    Multiple
    Product Catalog Name:
    Multiple

  • Breaking human cytomegalovirus major immediate-early gene silence by vasoactive intestinal peptide stimulation of the protein kinase A-CREB-TORC2 signaling cascade in hum ... 19369332

    The triggering mechanisms underlying reactivation of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) in latently infected persons are unclear. During latency, HCMV major immediate-early (MIE) gene expression breaks silence to initiate viral reactivation. Using quiescently HCMV-infected human pluripotent embryonal NTera2 cells (NT2) to model HCMV reactivation, we show that vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), an immunomodulatory neuropeptide, immediately and dose-dependently (1 to 500 nM) activates HCMV MIE gene expression. This response requires the MIE enhancer cyclic AMP response elements (CRE). VIP quickly elevates CREB Ser133 and ATF-1 Ser63 phosphorylation levels, although the CREB Ser133 phosphorylation level is substantial at baseline. VIP does not change the level of HCMV genomes in nuclei, Oct4 (pluripotent cell marker), or hDaxx (cellular repressor of HCMV gene expression). VIP-activated MIE gene expression is mediated by cellular protein kinase A (PKA), CREB, and TORC2. VIP induces PKA-dependent TORC2 Ser171 dephosphorylation and nuclear entry, which likely enables MIE gene activation, as TORC2 S171A (devoid of Ser171 phosphorylation) exhibits enhanced nuclear entry and desilences the MIE genes in the absence of VIP stimulation. In conclusion, VIP stimulation of the PKA-CREB-TORC2 signaling cascade activates HCMV CRE-dependent MIE gene expression in quiescently infected NT2 cells. We speculate that neurohormonal stimulation via this signaling cascade is a possible means for reversing HCMV silence in vivo.
    Document Type:
    Reference
    Product Catalog Number:
    MAB810

  • Ultrastructural evidence for endogenous vasoactive intestinal peptide-like immunoreactivity in the pituitary gland. 7070588

    The immunocytological method was used to investigate whether vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is present in the pituitary gland and to localize the peptide at the cellular and subcellular levels. Pituitaries of Wistar male and female rats (Iffa Credo) were fixed in glutaraldehyde 2.5% and postosmicated and frozen in liquid nitrogen. Ultrathin slices, obtained by cryo-ultramicrotomy were incubated with the antiserum. The antigen-antibody reaction was detected by peroxidase-antiperoxidase complexes revealed by 4-chloro-1-naphtol. The prolactin (PRL)-secreting cells were identified by using an anti-oPRL antiserum. The PRL immunoreactivity was localized in secretory granules of irregular shapes. An anti-VIP serum was used which neither cross-reacted with the several fragments of VIP molecule nor with peptides from gut or hypothalamus. The VIP immunoreactivity obtained with this antiserum, was observed in PRL cells only but never in so-matotropic, gonadotropic, corticotropic and thyrotropic cells. The immunoreactivity was localized in the cytoplasmic matrix between and around the secretory granules but not in the organelles, and in the nucleus distributed all over the euchromatin near to the heterochromatin regions. No reaction was observed by using either nonimmune serum or anti-VIP antiserum incubated with VIP. No modification of VIP immunoreactivity was observed by using anti-VIP antiserum incubated with somatostatin, gonado- or thyroliberin. These data (1) provide immunocytological evidence for presence of VIP in pituitary gland; (2) indicate the presence of this peptide in one particular pituitary cell type, and (3) support the hypothesis that VIP could have a direct effect on the control of PRL secretion.
    Document Type:
    Reference
    Product Catalog Number:
    AB982