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Solubility and thermodynamic function of vanillin in ten different environmentally benign solvents.

Solubility and thermodynamic function of vanillin in ten different environmentally benign solvents.

Food chemistry (2015-03-15)

Faiyaz Shakeel, Nazrul Haq, Nasir A Siddiqui

ABSTRACT

The solubility of vanillin in ten different environmentally benign solvents namely water, ethanol, ethylene glycol (EG), ethyl acetate (EA), isopropanol (IPA), propylene glycol (PG), polyethylene glycol-400 (PEG-400), Transcutol, butanol-1 and butanol-2 was measured and correlated at T=(298-318)K. The resulting experimental data were correlated with the modified Apelblat and Van't Hoff models. Both the models showed good correlation of experimental solubility data with calculated ones with root mean square deviations in the range of (0.08-1.55)%. The mole fraction solubility of vanillin was observed highest in PEG-400 (4.29 × 10(-1) at 298 K) followed by Transcutol, EA, butanol-2, ethanol, EG, PG, IPA, butanol-1 and water from T=(298-318)K. The results of thermodynamic function in terms of dissolution enthalpy, Gibbs energy and dissolution entropy showed endothermic, spontaneous and entropy-driven dissolution of vanillin in all environmentally benign solvents.

MATERIALS

Product Number

Brand

Product Description

Supelco

Ethanol solution, certified reference material, 2000 μg/mL in methanol

Sigma-Aldrich

1-Butanol, ACS reagent, ≥99.4%

Sigma-Aldrich

1-Butanol, anhydrous, 99.8%

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1-Butanol, 99.9%

Supelco

1-Butanol, analytical standard

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1-Butanol, suitable for HPLC, ≥99.7%

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1-Butanol, puriss. p.a., ACS reagent, reag. ISO, reag. Ph. Eur., ≥99.5% (GC)

Supelco

1-Butanol, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material

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1-Butanol, Molecular Biology, ≥99%

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Propylene glycol, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material

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Propylene glycol, ≥99.5% (GC), FCC, FG

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Propylene Glycol, meets USP testing specifications

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Acetone, ACS reagent, ≥99.5%

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Acetone, HPLC Plus, for HPLC, GC, and residue analysis, ≥99.9%

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Acetone, Laboratory Reagent, ≥99.5%

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Acetone, suitable for HPLC, ≥99.8%

Supelco

Acetone, analytical standard

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Acetone, suitable for HPLC, ≥99.9%

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Acetone, ACS reagent, ≥99.5%

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Acetone, suitable for HPLC, ≥99.9%

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Acetonitrile(Neat), Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material

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Acetone, puriss. p.a., ACS reagent, reag. ISO, reag. Ph. Eur., ≥99.5% (GC)

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Acetone, histological grade, ≥99.5%

Supelco

2-Butanol, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material

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2-Butanol, anhydrous, 99.5%

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2-Butanol, ReagentPlus^®, ≥99%

Supelco

2-Butanol, analytical standard

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Dehydrated Alcohol, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material

USP

Propylene glycol, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard

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Residual Solvent - Acetonitrile(solution in DMSO), Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material