Millipore Sigma Vibrant Logo
 

methyl-histone


2442 Results Advanced Search  
Showing
Products (151)
Documents (2,288)
Site Content (3)

Narrow Your Results Use the filters below to refine your search

Document Type

  • (2,094)
  • (191)
  • (3)
Can't Find What You're Looking For?
Contact Customer Service

 

  • Monomethyl histone H3 lysine 4 as an epigenetic mark for silenced euchromatin in Chlamydomonas. 16100335

    Histone Lys methylation plays an important role in determining chromatin states and is mostly catalyzed by SET domain-containing proteins. The outcome, transcriptional repression or activation, depends on the methylated histone residue, the degree of methylation, and the chromatin context. Dimethylation or trimethylation of histone H3 Lys 4 (H3K4me2 or H3K4me3) has been correlated with transcriptionally competent/active genes. However, H3K4 methylation has also been implicated in gene silencing. This dualistic nature of the H3K4 methyl mark has thus far remained unresolved. In the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Mut11p, related to a subunit of trithorax-like methyltransferase complexes, is required for transcriptional silencing. Here, we show that Mut11p interacts with conserved components of H3K4 methyltransferase machineries, and an affinity-purified Mut11p complex(es) methylates histones H3, H2A, and H4. Moreover, a Mut11 mutant showed global loss of monomethylated H3K4 (H3K4me1) and an increase in dimethylated H3K4. By chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis, this strain also displayed substantial reduction in H3K4me1 and enrichment in H3K4me2 associated with transcriptionally derepressed genes, transgenes, and retrotransposons. RNA interference-mediated suppression of Set1, encoding an H3K4 methyltransferase, induced similar phenotypes, but of lower magnitude, and no detectable increase in H3K4me2. Together, our results suggest functional differentiation between dimethyl H3K4 and monomethyl H3K4, with the latter operating as an epigenetic mark for repressed euchromatin.
    Document Type:
    Reference
    Product Catalog Number:
    Multiple
    Product Catalog Name:
    Multiple

  • A simple method for improving the specificity of anti-methyl histone antibodies. 20458167

    Antibodies differentiating between the mono-, di- and trimethylated forms of specific histone lysine residues are a critical tool in epigenome research, but show variable specificity, potentially limiting comparisons across studies and between samples. Using trimethyl histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4me3)-a mark enriched at transcription start sites (TSS) of active genes-as an example, we describe how simple co-incubation with synthetic peptide of the K4me2 modification leads to increased specificity for K4me3 and a much sharper peak distribution proximal to TSS following chromatin immunoprecipitation and massively parallel sequencing (ChIP-Seq).
    Document Type:
    Reference
    Product Catalog Number:
    07-473
    Product Catalog Name:
    Anti-trimethyl-Histone H3 (Lys4) Antibody

  • An NF-Y-dependent switch of positive and negative histone methyl marks on CCAAT promoters. 18446193

    Histone tails have a plethora of different post-translational modifications, which are located differently in "open" and "closed" parts of genomes. H3K4me3/H3K79me2 and H4K20me3 are among the histone marks associated with the early establishment of active and inactive chromatin, respectively. One of the most widespread promoter elements is the CCAAT box, bound by the NF-Y trimer. Two of NF-Y subunits have an H2A-H2B-like structure.We established the causal relationship between NF-Y binding and positioning of methyl marks, by ChIP analysis of mouse and human cells infected with a dominant negative NF-YA: a parallel decrease in NF-Y binding, H3K4me3, H3K79me2 and transcription was observed in promoters that are dependent upon NF-Y. On the contrary, changes in the levels of H3K9-14ac were more subtle. Components of the H3K4 methylating MLL complex are not recruited in the absence of NF-Y. As for repressed promoters, NF-Y removal leads to a decrease in the H4K20me3 mark and deposition of H3K4me3.Two relevant findings are reported: (i) NF-Y gains access to its genomic locations independently from the presence of methyl histone marks, either positive or negative; (ii) NF-Y binding has profound positive or negative consequences on the deposition of histone methyl marks. Therefore NF-Y is a fundamental switch at the heart of decision between gene activation and repression in CCAAT regulated genes.
    Document Type:
    Reference
    Product Catalog Number:
    06-599
    Product Catalog Name:
    Anti-acetyl-Histone H3 Antibody

  • Differential sub-nuclear localisation of repressive and activating histone methyl modifications in P. falciparum. 19136073

    Post-translational histone modifications and sub-nuclear organization epigenetically influence gene regulation, especially those implicated in antigenic variation of Plasmodium falciparum. Here we screened for histone methylation modifications and determined, for the first time, their spatial nuclear localisation. Differential enrichment in sub-nuclear compartments, suggesting high local concentrations of particular methyl marks was observed. H3-K79me3 particularly, does not co-localise with already defined nuclear compartments, thus apparently defining a compartment not observed previously in other eukaryotes. Our data show the presence of discrete sub-nuclear zones enriched for histone methyl marks, pointing to the existence of specialized transcription factories and repressive regions in Plasmodium.
    Document Type:
    Reference
    Product Catalog Number:
    07-549

  • Histone methylation is a critical regulator of the abnormal expression of POU5F1 and RASSF1A in testis cancer cell lines. 20497257

    DNA and histone methylation are epigenetic modifications functioning in transcriptional control and have been implicated in the deregulation of gene expression in cancer. As a first step to determine if histone methylation could be involved in testis cancer pathogenesis, we performed immunofluorescent localization of histone H3 methylation at lysine 4 (H3-K4; gene activating) and lysine 9 (H3-K9; gene silencing) in healthy testis tissue and in samples of non-seminoma germ-cell tumours. In healthy testis, the distribution of histone H3 methylation was dependent on the developmental stage of spermatogenic cells and in non-seminoma, histone H3-K4 and K9 methylation was detected in all histological subtypes. This suggested that histone H3-K4 and K9 methylation could be associated with abnormal gene expression in non-seminoma. To determine the gene-specific function of histone H3 methylation, we proceeded to define the epigenetic status of key genes implicated in the pathogenesis of non-seminoma, namely the proto-oncogene POU5F1, which is overexpressed in testis cancer, and the tumour suppressor RASSF1A, which is aberrantly silenced. Cell lines representative of non-seminoma were treated with the chromatin-modifying drug, 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-aza-dC). Chromatin immunoprecipitation and real-time polymerase chain reaction analyses revealed that treatment with 5-aza-dC restored RASSF1A expression through a loss of gene silencing H3-K9 methylation and by retention of gene activating H3-K4 tri-methylation in the promoter region. In contrast, the expression of POU5F1 was reduced by 5-aza-dC and was associated with a loss of gene activating H3-K4 di-methylation in the promoter region. Analysis of DNA methylation revealed a slight reduction in DNA hypermethylation at the RASSF1A promoter, whereas the POU5F1 promoter remained mostly unmethylated and unaffected. Our results indicate that the effects of 5-aza-dC on histone methylation profiles are gene-specific and that aberrant histone modifications may serve as a principal means of misregulation of RASSF1A and POU5F1 expression in testis cancer.
    Document Type:
    Reference
    Product Catalog Number:
    07-441
    Product Catalog Name:
    Anti-dimethyl-Histone H3 (Lys9) Antibody

  • Histone methylase MLL1 coordinates with HIF and regulate lncRNA HOTAIR expression under hypoxia. 28756022

    Hypoxia signaling plays a critical role in tumor growth, angiogenesis, metastasis cancer, and aging. Under hypoxia, hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) are stabilized and they coordinate the process of hypoxia-induced gene expression and cell signaling leading to increased tumor growth. Recent studies indicate that non-coding RNAs which are closely associated with cancer are abnormally expressed under hypoxia. Here, we have investigated the transcriptional regulation of a cancer associated long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), HOTAIR, under hypoxic conditions. Our studies demonstrate that HOTAIR expression is upregulated under hypoxia in colon cancer and several other types of cancer cells. HOTAIR transcription is regulated by HIF1α which binds to the hypoxia response elements (HRE) present in the HOTAIR promoter under hypoxia. HIF1α knockdown results in decreased HOTAIR expression under hypoxia. Along with HIF1α, histone methylases MLL1 and histone acetylase p300 are enriched at the HOTAIR promoter under hypoxia. The levels of H3K4-trimethylation and histone acetylation are also enriched at the HOTAIR promoter. Furthermore, knockdown of MLL1 downregulated the hypoxia-induced HOTAIR expression, indicating key roles of MLL1 in hypoxia-induced HOTAIR expression. Overall, our studies demonstrate that histone methyl-transferase MLL1 coordinates with HIF1α and histone acetyltransferase p300 and regulate hypoxia-induced HOTAIR expression. The hypoxia-induced upregulation of HOTAIR expression may contribute to its roles in tumorigenesis.
    Document Type:
    Reference
    Product Catalog Number:
    17-371
    Product Catalog Name:
    EZ-ChIP™

  • Setdb1 histone methyltransferase regulates mood-related behaviors and expression of the NMDA receptor subunit NR2B. 20505083

    Histone methyltransferases specific for the histone H3-lysine 9 residue, including Setdb1 (Set domain, bifurcated 1)/Eset/Kmt1e are associated with repressive chromatin remodeling and expressed in adult brain, but potential effects on neuronal function and behavior remain unexplored. Here, we report that transgenic mice with increased Setdb1 expression in adult forebrain neurons show antidepressant-like phenotypes in behavioral paradigms for anhedonia, despair, and learned helplessness. Chromatin immunoprecipitation in conjunction with DNA tiling arrays (ChIP-chip) revealed that genomic occupancies of neuronal Setdb1 are limited to less than 1% of annotated genes, which include the NMDA receptor subunit NR2B/Grin2B and other ionotropic glutamate receptor genes. Chromatin conformation capture and Setdb1-ChIP revealed a loop formation tethering the NR2B/Grin2b promoter to the Setdb1 target site positioned 30 kb downstream of the transcription start site. In hippocampus and ventral striatum, two key structures in the neuronal circuitry regulating mood-related behaviors, Setdb1-mediated repressive histone methylation at NR2B/Grin2b was associated with decreased NR2B expression and EPSP insensitivity to pharmacological blockade of NR2B, and accelerated NMDA receptor desensitization consistent with a shift in NR2A/B subunit ratios. In wild-type mice, systemic treatment with the NR2B antagonist, Ro25-6981 [R-(R,S)-alpha-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-beta-methyl-4-(phenylmethyl)-1-piperidine propranol], and hippocampal small interfering RNA-mediated NR2B/Grin2b knockdown resulted in behavioral changes similar to those elicited by the Setdb1 transgene. Together, these findings point to a role for neuronal Setdb1 in the regulation of affective and motivational behaviors through repressive chromatin remodeling at a select set of target genes, resulting in altered NMDA receptor subunit composition and other molecular adaptations.
    Document Type:
    Reference
    Product Catalog Number:
    Multiple
    Product Catalog Name:
    Multiple

  • Arabidopsis histone methyltransferase SET DOMAIN GROUP8 mediates induction of the jasmonate/ethylene pathway genes in plant defense response to necrotrophic fungi. 20810545

    As sessile organisms, plants have to endure a wide variety of biotic and abiotic stresses, and accordingly they have evolved intricate and rapidly inducible defense strategies associated with the activation of a battery of genes. Among other mechanisms, changes in chromatin structure are thought to provide a flexible, global, and stable means for the regulation of gene transcription. In support of this idea, we demonstrate here that the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) histone methyltransferase SET DOMAIN GROUP8 (SDG8) plays a crucial role in plant defense against fungal pathogens by regulating a subset of genes within the jasmonic acid (JA) and/or ethylene signaling pathway. We show that the loss-of-function mutant sdg8-1 displays reduced resistance to the necrotrophic fungal pathogens Alternaria brassicicola and Botrytis cinerea. While levels of JA, a primary phytohormone involved in plant defense, and camalexin, a major phytoalexin against fungal pathogens, remain unchanged or even above normal in sdg8-1, induction of several defense genes within the JA/ethylene signaling pathway is severely compromised in response to fungal infection or JA treatment in mutant plants. Both downstream genes and, remarkably, also upstream mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase genes MKK3 and MKK5 are misregulated in sdg8-1. Accordingly, chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis shows that sdg8-1 impairs dynamic changes of histone H3 lysine 36 methylation at defense marker genes as well as at MKK3 and MKK5, which normally occurs upon infection with fungal pathogens or methyl JA treatment in wild-type plants. Our data indicate that SDG8-mediated histone H3 lysine 36 methylation may serve as a memory of permissive transcription for a subset of defense genes, allowing rapid establishment of transcriptional induction.
    Document Type:
    Reference
    Product Catalog Number:
    Multiple
    Product Catalog Name:
    Multiple

  • Patterns of global DNA and histone methylation appear to be similar in normal, dysplastic and neoplastic oral epithelium of humans. 16276009

    Although there is growing interest in the possibility that alterations in histone methylation may play a role in carcinogenesis, it has not been explored adequately in humans. Similarly, there are no reports of associations between this and a similar epigenetic event, DNA methylation. Using immunohistochemical staining, we compared the methylation of DNA and histones in histopathologically normal oral epithelium, dysplastic oral lesions, and squamous cell cancers (SCCs) from subjects with squamous cell cancer (n=48) with those of normal oral epithelium from subjects without oral cancer (n=93) who were matched on age and race. Monoclonal antibodies specific for 5 methyl cytosine (5-mc), lysine 4 of histone H_3 (H_3-Lys4), and lysine 9 of histone H_3 (H_3-Lys9) were used in this study. The percentages of cells positive and a weighted average of the immunostaining intensity scores were calculated for each of these tissues, and Spearman correlation analyses were employed to study associations between DNA and histone methylation. Correlations between DNA and histone methylation, H_3-Lys4 and H_3-Lys9 were positive and statistically significant in all tissue types; they were strongest in normal oral epithelium from non-cancer subjects (r=0.63, p less than 0.001 and r=0.62, p less than 0.001 respectively). Similarly, the positive correlations between H_3-Lys4 and H_3-Lys9 were statistically significant in all tissue types and strongest in normal oral epithelium from non-cancer subjects (r=0.77, pless than 0.001). Patterns of DNA and histone methylation are similar in tissues across the spectrum of oral carcinogenesis, and there is a significant positive association between these two epigenetic mechanisms.
    Document Type:
    Reference
    Product Catalog Number:
    Multiple
    Product Catalog Name:
    Multiple

  • SIRT1 regulates the histone methyl-transferase SUV39H1 during heterochromatin formation. 18004385

    In contrast to stably repressive, constitutive heterochromatin and stably active, euchromatin, facultative heterochromatin has the capacity to alternate between repressive and activated states of transcription. As such, it is an instructive source to understand the molecular basis for changes in chromatin structure that correlate with transcriptional status. Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) and suppressor of variegation 3-9 homologue 1 (SUV39H1) are amongst the enzymes responsible for chromatin modulations associated with facultative heterochromatin formation. SUV39H1 is the principal enzyme responsible for the accumulation of histone H3 containing a tri-methyl group at its lysine 9 position (H3K9me3) in regions of heterochromatin. SIRT1 is an NAD+-dependent deacetylase that targets histone H4 at lysine 16 (refs 3 and 4), and through an unknown mechanism facilitates increased levels of H3K9me3 (ref. 3). Here we show that the mammalian histone methyltransferase SUV39H1 is itself targeted by the histone deacetylase SIRT1 and that SUV39H1 activity is regulated by acetylation at lysine residue 266 in its catalytic SET domain. SIRT1 interacts directly with, recruits and deacetylates SUV39H1, and these activities independently contribute to elevated levels of SUV39H1 activity resulting in increased levels of the H3K9me3 modification. Loss of SIRT1 greatly affects SUV39H1-dependent H3K9me3 and impairs localization of heterochromatin protein 1. These findings demonstrate a functional link between the heterochromatin-related histone methyltransferase SUV39H1 and the histone deacetylase SIRT1.
    Document Type:
    Reference
    Product Catalog Number:
    07-958