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  • Gliosis alters expression and uptake of spinal glial amino acid transporters in a mouse neuropathic pain model. 18634571

    Gliosis is strongly implicated in the development and maintenance of persistent pain states following chronic constriction injury of the sciatic nerve. Here we demonstrate that in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, gliosis is accompanied by changes in glial amino acid transporters examined by immunoblot, immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR. Cytokines, proinflammatory mediators and microglia increase up to postoperative day (pd) 3 before decreasing on pd 7. Then, spinal glial fibrillary acidic protein increases on pd 7, lasting until pd 14 and later. Simultaneously, the expression of glial amino acid transporters for glycine and glutamate (GlyT1 and GLT1) is reduced on pd 7 and pd 14. Consistent with a reduced expression of GlyT1 and GLT1, high performance liquid chromatography reveals a net increase in the concentration of glutamate and glycine on pd 7 and pd 14 in tissue from the lumbar spinal cord of neuropathic mice. In this study we have confirmed that microglial activation precedes astrogliosis. Such a glial cytoskeletal rearrangement correlates with a marked decrease in glycine and glutamate transporters, which might, in turn, be responsible for the increased concentration of these neurotransmitters in the spinal cord. We speculate that these phenomena might contribute, via over-stimulation of NMDA receptors, to the changes in synaptic functioning that are responsible for the maintenance of persistent pain.
    Document Type:
    Reference
    Product Catalog Number:
    AB1783
    Product Catalog Name:
    Anti-Glutamate Transporter Antibody, Glial

  • Expression of the catalytic subunit of phosphorylase phosphatase (protein phosphatase-1) in Escherichia coli. 1730696

    The catalytic subunit of rabbit skeletal muscle protein phosphatase-1 was expressed in Escherichia coli. Expression of phosphatase-1 in the pET3a vector, which is based on the use of the T7 promoter, resulted in the expression of the enzyme as an insoluble aggregate. The insoluble enzyme could be renatured by high dilutions of the urea-solubilized protein in buffers containing dithiothreitol, Mn2+, and high NaCl concentrations. However, under all conditions tested, only partial (less than 5%) renaturation was achieved. A second attempt was made using a vector with the trp-lac hybrid promoter. In this case it was possible to express the enzyme as a soluble protein at levels of 3-4% of the soluble E. coli protein. The recombinant enzyme was purified by DEAE-Sepharose and heparin-Sepharose chromatography. Approximately 20 mg of purified enzyme was reproducibly obtained from the cells derived from 2 liters of culture. The purified enzyme had a specific activity toward phosphorylase alpha comparable to that reported for the authentic protein and had an Mr of 37,000 by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The recombinant enzyme displayed similar sensitivities to inhibition by inhibitor-2, okadaic acid, and microcystin-LR as for the protein isolated from rabbit muscle. At all stages of purification the recombinant phosphatase behaved as an essentially inactive enzyme that required the presence of microM Mn2+ for full expression of its activity.
    Document Type:
    Reference
    Product Catalog Number:
    14-162

  • Biosynthesis of alpha2(IV) and alpha1(IV) chains of collagen IV and interactions with matrix metalloproteinase-9. 10362026

    In vitro binding studies with latent matrix metalloproteinase-9 (pro-MMP-9) have revealed the existence of nondisulfide-bonded alpha2(IV) chains on the cell surface capable of forming a high-affinity complex with the enzyme. Here we investigated the biosynthesis and cellular distribution of alpha2(IV) and alpha1(IV) chains in breast epithelial (MCF10A and MDA-MB-231) and fibrosarcoma (HT1080) cells by pulse-chase analysis followed by immunoprecipitation with chain-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAb). These studies showed that whereas the alpha1(IV) chain remained in the intracellular compartment, nondisulfide-bonded alpha2(IV) chains were secreted into the media in a stable form. Consistently, only alpha2(IV) was detected on the cell surface by surface biotinylation or indirect immunofluorescence. In agreement with the pulse-chase analysis, media subjected to co-precipitation experiments with pro-MMP-9 or pro-MMP-9-affinity chromatography followed by immunoblotting with chain-specific mAbs resulted in the detection of alpha2(IV). A preferential secretion of nondisulfide-bonded alpha2(IV) chains was also observed in CHO-K1 cells transiently transfected with full-length mouse alpha2(IV) or alpha (IV) cDNAs. However, a complex of mouse alpha1(IV) with pro-MMP-9 was coprecipitated with exogenous enzyme from lysates of CHO-K1 cells transfected with mouse alpha1(IV), suggesting that under overexpression conditions the enzyme can also interact with the alpha1 (IV) chain. Collectively, these studies further demonstrate the interactions of pro-MMP-9 with collagen IV chains and a unique processing and targeting of nondisulfide-bonded alpha2(IV) chains that may play a role in the surface/matrix association of pro-MMP-9.
    Document Type:
    Reference
    Product Catalog Number:
    MAB1910
    Product Catalog Name:
    Anti-Collagen Type IV α 2 Chain Antibody, clone 23IIC3

  • Identification of seven novel mutations in ABCD1 by a DHPLC-based assay in Italian patients with X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy. 15643618

    We report the molecular findings in 14 patients (12 families) with X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD, MIM# 300100), a well-defined peroxisomal disorder attributed to mutations in the ABCD1 gene on chromosome Xq28. With the aims of determining the spectrum of mutations and developing an efficient molecular genetic test for analysis of at-risk women whose carrier status is unknown, and to offer molecular confirmation of their status to obligate heterozygotes, regardless of their clinical status, we carried out molecular screening by setting up a denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC)-based protocol. We identified eleven hemizygous base changes in ABCD1, including seven new mutations (c.145underscore;146ins4, c.264C>G, c.919C>T, c.994C>T, c.1027G>A, c.1508T>C, and c.1540A>C, resulting in the p.Pro193fs, p.Cys88Trp, p.Gln307X, p.Gln332X, p.Gly343Ser, p.Leu503Pro, and p.Ser514Arg changes, respectively). Adding new variants to the repertoire of ABCD1 mutations in X-ALD, our data provide an efficient, cost-effective, and reliable DHPLC detection protocol for mutation screening of X-ALD families.
    Document Type:
    Reference
    Product Catalog Number:
    MAB2162
    Product Catalog Name:
    Anti-Adrenoleukodystrophy Protein Antibody, a.a. 495-648, clone 1AL-2B4

  • Direct interaction between caldesmon and cortactin. 16962992

    Actin polymerization and depolymerization plays a central role in controlling a wide spectrum of cellular processes. There are many actin-binding proteins in eukaryotic cells. Their roles in the remodeling of the actin architecture and whether they work cooperatively await further study. Caldesmon (CaD) is an actin-binding protein present in nearly all mammalian cells. Cortactin is another actin-binding protein found mainly in the cell cortex. There have been no reports suggesting that CaD and cortactin interact with each other or work as partners. Here, we present evidence that CaD binds cortactin directly by overlay, pull-down assays, ELISA, and by column chromatography. The interaction involves the N-terminal region of cortactin and the C-terminal region of CaD, and appears to be enhanced by divalent metal ions. Cortactin competes with both full-length CaD and its C-terminal fragment for actin binding. Binding of cortactin partially alleviates the inhibitory effect of CaD on the actomyosin ATPase activity. Not only can binding be demonstrated in vitro, the two proteins also co-localize in activated cells at the cortex. Whether such interactions bear any functional significance awaits further investigation.
    Document Type:
    Reference
    Product Catalog Number:
    05-180

  • The use of lentiviral vectors to obtain transgenic rats. 20013229

    Lentiviral vectors are now well recognized as good vehicles for gene delivery. This is because they can efficiently transduce both dividing and post-mitotic cells, and stably integrate into the host genome allowing for long-term expression of the transgene. Their potential utility for the generation of transgenic animals has been recognized as an attractive and promising alternative to the conventional DNA-microinjection method which lacks efficiency. The initial success of lentiviral transgenesis in mice considerably broadened its use in other species, in which classical transgenic techniques are difficult, such as in the rat.In this chapter, we describe detailed procedures for both the production of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1)-derived lentiviral vectors and for the generation of transgenic rats by injection of these vectors into the perivitelline space of fertilized one-cell eggs.
    Document Type:
    Reference
    Product Catalog Number:
    S7903
    Product Catalog Name:
    Amplifluor® UniPrimer II Fluorescein

  • hnRNP K binds a core polypyrimidine element in the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) promoter, and its regulation of eIF4E contributes to neoplastic tra ... 16024782

    Translation initiation factor eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) plays a key role in regulation of cellular proliferation. Its effects on the m7GpppN mRNA cap are critical because overexpression of eIF4E transforms cells, and eIF4E function is rate-limiting for G1 passage. Although we identified eIF4E as a c-Myc target, little else is known about its transcriptional regulation. Previously, we described an element at position -25 (TTACCCCCCCTT) that was critical for eIF4E promoter function. Here we report that this sequence (named 4EBE, for eIF4E basal element) functions as a basal promoter element that binds hnRNP K. The 4EBE is sufficient to replace TATA sequences in a heterologous reporter construct. Interactions between 4EBE and upstream activator sites are position, distance, and sequence dependent. Using DNA affinity chromatography, we identified hnRNP K as a 4EBE-binding protein. Chromatin immunoprecipitation, siRNA interference, and hnRNP K overexpression demonstrate that hnRNP K can regulate eIF4E mRNA. Moreover, hnRNP K increased translation initiation, increased cell division, and promoted neoplastic transformation in an eIF4E-dependent manner. hnRNP K binds the TATA-binding protein, explaining how the 4EBE might replace TATA in the eIF4E promoter. hnRNP K is an unusually diverse regulator of multiple steps in growth regulation because it also directly regulates c-myc transcription, mRNA export, splicing, and translation initiation.
    Document Type:
    Reference
    Product Catalog Number:
    MAB1501R
    Product Catalog Name:
    Anti-Actin Antibody,clone C4

  • Quantitation of a murine lung endothelial cell protein, P112, with a double monoclonal antibody assay. 2460698

    Two monoclonal antibodies (MoAb) have been isolated from two different F344 rats immunized with normal BALB/c mouse lung homogenates. The MoAbs 273-34A and 411-201B demonstrate similar staining properties when used in immunohistochemistry and have been shown to bind to endothelial cells in the lung using immunogold electron microscopy. Radiolabeled MoAb 273-34A injected intravenously localizes rapidly to lung. Ratios of MoAb to control and values for percentage of recovered dose/gram are 50-fold higher in lung than in other organs. Both MoAbs recognize the same 112 kilodalton protein (P112) on the surface of lung cells in culture but do not compete for binding with each other. Both antibodies can be used to purify P112 from normal mouse lung homogenate using immunoaffinity chromatography. These MoAb have been used in a two-site, quantitative assay for P112. Data show that normal lung contains high amounts of P112 (500 to 700 ng/mg P), whereas other organs have low (spleen, uterus) or undetectable (liver) levels of P112. We conclude that endothelial cells in different organs are not identical and that P112 is preferentially expressed in lung endothelial cells. Quantitation of P112 may be useful to assess the role of endothelial cells in toxic injury, lung diseases, and growth and vascularization of lung tumors.
    Document Type:
    Reference
    Product Catalog Number:
    MABS1245
    Product Catalog Name:
    Anti-Thrombomodulin Antibody, clone 273-34A

  • Modulation of the antigenic peptide transporter TAP by recombinant antibodies binding to the last five residues of TAP1. 17418234

    The transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) plays a pivotal role in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I mediated immune response against infected or malignantly transformed cells. It belongs to the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) superfamily and consists of TAP1 (ABCB2) and TAP2 (ABCB3), each of which possesses a transmembrane and a nucleotide-binding domain (NBD). Here we describe the generation of recombinant Fv and Fab antibody fragments to human TAP from a hybridoma cell line expressing the TAP1-specific monoclonal antibody mAb148.3. The epitope of the antibody was mapped to the very last five C-terminal amino acid residues of TAP1 on solid-supported peptide arrays. The recombinant antibody fragments were heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli and purified to homogeneity from periplasmic extracts by affinity chromatography. The monoclonal and recombinant antibodies bind with nanomolar affinity to the last five C-terminal amino acid residues of TAP1 as demonstrated by ELISA and surface plasmon resonance. Strikingly, the recombinant antibody fragments confer thermal stability to the heterodimeric TAP complex. At the same time TAP is arrested in a peptide transport incompetent conformation, although ATP and peptide binding to TAP are not affected. Based on our results we suggest that the C terminus of TAP1 modulates TAP function presumably as part of the dimer interface of the NBDs.
    Document Type:
    Reference
    Product Catalog Number:
    MABF125
    Product Catalog Name:
    Anti-TAP1 Antibody, clone mAb 148.3

  • The rat with oxygen-induced retinopathy is myopic with low retinal dopamine. 24168993

    Dopamine (DA) is a neurotransmitter implicated both in modulating neural retinal signals and in eye growth. Therefore, it may participate in the pathogenesis of the most common clinical sequelae of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), visual dysfunction and myopia. Paradoxically, in ROP myopia the eye is usually small. The eye of the rat with oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) is characterized by retinal dysfunction and short axial length. There have been several investigations of the early maturation of DA in rat retina, but little at older ages, and not in the OIR rat. Therefore, DA, retinal function, and refractive state were investigated in the OIR rat.In one set of rats, the development of dopaminergic (DAergic) networks was evaluated in retinal cross-sections from rats aged 14 to 120 days using antibodies against tyrosine hydroxylase (TH, the rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of DA). In another set of rats, retinoscopy was used to evaluate spherical equivalent (SE), electoretinography (ERG) was used to evaluate retinal function, and high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to evaluate retinal contents of DA, its precursor levodopamine (DOPA), and its primary metabolite 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC).The normally rapid postnatal ramification of DAergic neurons was disrupted in OIR rats. Retinoscopy revealed that OIR rats were relatively myopic. In the same eyes, ERG confirmed retinal dysfunction in OIR. HPLC of those eyes' retinae confirmed low DA. Regression analysis indicated that DA metabolism (evaluated by the ratio of DOPAC to DA) was an important additional predictor of myopia beyond OIR.The OIR rat is the first known animal model of myopia in which the eye is smaller than normal. Dopamine may modulate, or fail to modulate, neural activity in the OIR eye, and thus contribute to this peculiar myopia.
    Document Type:
    Reference
    Product Catalog Number:
    MAB318
    Product Catalog Name:
    Anti-Tyrosine Hydroxylase Antibody, clone LNC1