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2,6-dichlorophenol


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  • Assays on the simultaneous determination and elimination of chloroanisoles and chlorophenols from contaminated cork samples 16678838

    A method for the simultaneous determination of the chloroanisoles and chlorophenols in cork samples with gas chromatography has been evaluated in view to its application. All the stages of the suggested procedure have been submitted to an in-depth examination using spiked ground corks. The recoveries of the method, which involves a simultaneous extraction with n-pentane followed by a second extraction using an aqueous basic solution where the phenolic derivates are transferred and, subsequently, derivatised, have been satisfactory for the all analytes at the studied spiking concentration levels. Good precision data and limits of detection between 1 ng/g and 2 ng/g were obtained for almost all compounds. As real samples, naturally contaminated cork slabs taken from different sources have been analysed, showing the presence of 2,4,6-trichloroanisole (TCA) and, in lesser extent, its direct precursor, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (TCP). Removal studies have been performed by washing these tainted cork slabs with different solutions: Milli-Q water, sodium hydroxide and commercial products. Sodium hydroxide solutions have led to better analyte elimination, and the complete removal of TCP from the cork has been accomplished together with 72% of TCA reduction has been achieved.
    Document Type:
    Reference
    Product Catalog Number:
    Multiple

  • Binding of the radiolabeled glycine site antagonist [3H]MDL 105,519 to homomeric NMDA-NR1a receptors. 8894619

    We have characterized the binding of [3H]MDL 105,519 ((E)-3-(2-phenyl-2-carboxyethenyl)-4,6-dichloro-1 H-indole-2-carboxylic acid), a NMDA receptor glycine recognition site antagonist, to homomeric NMDA subunit 1a (NR 1a) receptors. Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO-K1) were transfected with the rat NR 1a gene and cell lines stably expressing the receptor were isolated from amongst clones resistant to the neomycin analog G418. Saturation analysis indicated that the radioligand bound to the homomeric receptor with a similar high affinity (Kd = 1.8 nM) to that reported for the native receptor. The binding capacity (Bmax) was 370 fmol/mg protein reflecting approximately 110000 receptors per cell. The radioligand interacted with a single class of binding sites as indicated by linear Scatchard transformation of the saturation data and a unitary Hill slope in competition experiments. Thus, the MDL 105,519 recognition site is present on the NR 1a subunit and has similar radioligand binding properties to the native brain-derived receptor. However, pharmacologic characterization of [3H]MDL 105,519 binding indicated that agonists were weaker competitors at the homometric receptor relative to the native receptors. In contrast, representative of three distinct chemical classes of glycine site antagonists exhibited similar potencies at both types of binding sites.
    Document Type:
    Reference
    Product Catalog Number:
    AP132A
    Product Catalog Name:
    Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG Antibody, Alkaline Phosphatase conjugate (Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG Antibody, Alkaline Phosphatase conjugate)

  • Visualization of dopamine transporter trafficking in live neurons by use of fluorescent cocaine analogs. 19474307

    The dopamine transporter (DAT) mediates reuptake of dopamine from the synaptic cleft and is a target for widely abused psychostimulants such as cocaine and amphetamine. Nonetheless, little is known about the cellular distribution and trafficking of natively expressed DAT. Here we use novel fluorescently tagged cocaine analogs to visualize DAT and DAT trafficking in cultured live midbrain dopaminergic neurons. The fluorescent tags were extended from the tropane N-position of 2beta-carbomethoxy-3beta-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)tropane using an ethylamino-linker. The rhodamine-, OR Green-, or Cy3-labeled ligands had high binding affinity for DAT and enabled specific labeling of DAT in live neurons and visualization by confocal imaging. In the dopaminergic neurons, DAT was uniformly distributed in the plasma membrane of the soma, the neuronal extensions, and varicosities along these extensions. FRAP (fluorescence recovery after photobleaching) experiments demonstrated bidirectional movement of DAT in the extensions and indicated that DAT is highly mobile both in the extensions and in the varicosities (immobile fraction less than approximately 30%). DAT was constitutively internalized into vesicular structures likely representing intracellular transporter pools. The internalization was blocked by lentiviral-mediated expression of dominant-negative dynamin and internalized DAT displayed partial colocalization with the early endosomal marker EGFP-Rab5 and with the transferrin receptor. DAT internalization and function was not affected by activation of protein kinase C (PKC) with phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) or by inhibition with staurosporine or GF109203X. These data are in contrast to findings for DAT in transfected heterologous cells and challenge the paradigm that trafficking and cellular distribution of endogenous DAT is subject to regulation by PKC.
    Document Type:
    Reference
    Product Catalog Number:
    MAB369
    Product Catalog Name:
    Anti-Dopamine Transporter Antibody, NT, clone DAT-Nt (Anti-Dopamine Transporter Antibody, NT, clone DAT-Nt)

  • Opposite function of dopamine D1 and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors in striatal cannabinoid-mediated signaling. 22034973

    It is well established that the cannabinoid and dopamine systems interact at various levels to regulate basal ganglia function. Although it is well known that acute administration of cannabinoids to mice can modify dopamine-dependent behaviors, the intraneuronal signaling pathways employed by these agents in the striatum are not well understood. Here we used knockout mouse models to examine the regulation of striatal extracellular-signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) signaling by behaviorally relevant doses of cannabinoids. This cellular pathway has been implicated as a central mediator of drug reward and synaptic plasticity. In C57BL/6J mice, acute administration of the cannabinoid agonists, (-)-11-hydroxydimethylheptyl-Δ8-tetrahydrocannabinol (HU-210) and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ(9) -THC), promoted a dose- and time-dependent decrease in the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 in dorsal striatum. Co-administration of the CB1 cannabinoid receptor antagonist N-(Piperidin-1-yl)-5-(4-iodophenyl)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide(AM251) with HU-210 prevented ERK1/2 inactivation, indicating a requirement for activation of this receptor. In dopamine D1 receptor knockout animals treated with HU-210, the magnitude of the HU-210-dependent decrease in striatal ERK1/2 signaling was greater than in wild-type controls. In contrast, HU-210 administration to N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor knockdown mice was ineffective at promoting striatal ERK1/2 inactivation. Genetic deletion of other potential ERK1/2 mediators, the dopamine D2 receptors or β-arrestin-1 or -2, did not affect the HU-210-induced modulation of ERK1/2 signaling in the striatum. These results support the hypothesis that dopamine D1 receptors and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors act in an opposite manner to regulate striatal CB1 cannabinoid receptor signal transduction.
    Document Type:
    Reference
    Product Catalog Number:
    MAB1501R
    Product Catalog Name:
    Anti-Actin Antibody,clone C4 (Anti-Actin Antibody,clone C4)

  • Protein Phosphatase 2a and glycogen synthase kinase 3 signaling modulate prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle response by altering cortical M-Type potassium channe ... 20592205

    There is considerable interest in the regulation of sensorimotor gating, since deficits in this process could play a critical role in the symptoms of schizophrenia and other psychiatric disorders. Sensorimotor gating is often studied in humans and rodents using the prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle response (PPI) model, in which an acoustic prepulse suppresses behavioral output to a startle-inducing stimulus. However, the molecular and neural mechanisms underlying PPI are poorly understood. Here, we show that a regulatory pathway involving protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3beta), and their downstream target, the M-type potassium channel, regulates PPI. Mice (Mus musculus) carrying a hypomorphic allele of Ppp2r5delta, encoding a regulatory subunit of PP2A, show attenuated PPI. This PPP2R5delta reduction increases the phosphorylation of GSK3beta at serine 9, which inactivates GSK3beta, indicating that PPP2R5delta positively regulates GSK3beta activity in the brain. Consistently, genetic and pharmacological manipulations that reduce GSK3beta function attenuate PPI. The M-type potassium channel subunit, KCNQ2, is a putative GSK3beta substrate. Genetic reduction of Kcnq2 also reduces PPI, as does systemic inhibition of M-channels with linopirdine. Importantly, both the GSK3 inhibitor 3-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-(1-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione (SB216763) and linopirdine reduce PPI when directly infused into the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Whole-cell electrophysiological recordings of mPFC neurons show that SB216763 and linopirdine have similar effects on firing, and GSK3 inhibition occludes the effects of M-channel inhibition. These data support a previously uncharacterized mechanism by which PP2A/GSK3beta signaling regulates M-type potassium channel activity in the mPFC to modulate sensorimotor gating.
    Document Type:
    Reference
    Product Catalog Number:
    AB15452
    Product Catalog Name:
    Anti-MAP2 Antibody (Anti-MAP2 Antibody)

  • Antimetastatic effect of a small-molecule vacuolar H+-ATPase inhibitor in in vitro and in vivo preclinical studies. 17909082

    On the basis of the evidence that vacuolar H(+)-ATPase is implicated in the development of the metastatic phenotype, we have explored the possibility to target the enzyme function in an attempt to control the metastatic behavior of tumor cells. In this study, we used an indole derivative, NiK-12192 [4-(5,6-dichloro-1H-indol-2-yl)-3-ethoxy-N-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-piperidin-4-yl)-benzamide], recently identified as an effective inhibitor of vacuolar H(+)-ATPase, as a potential antimetastatic agent in the treatment of NSCLC H460 xenograft, which is able to induce lung metastases in mice. Oral administration of NiK-12192 caused a significant inhibition of formation of spontaneous metastases. In contrast, the drug exhibited a negligible effect on the development of artificial metastases (i.e., after i.v. injection of tumor cells), thus supporting that the drug affects the early events of the metastatic process (e.g., migration and invasion). Cellular effects are consistent with this interpretation. In conclusion, the available results show for the first time that a vacuolar H(+)-ATPase inhibitor is effective in modulation of the metastatic behavior of a lung carcinoma, supporting its potential therapeutic interest as a novel treatment approach.
    Document Type:
    Reference
    Product Catalog Number:
    MAB1976F
    Product Catalog Name:
    Anti-Integrin αVβ3 Antibody, clone LM609, FITC conjugated (Anti-Integrin αVβ3 Antibody, clone LM609, FITC conjugated)
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