Subsecond regulation of striatal dopamine release by pre-synaptic KATP channels.

ATP-sensitive K(+) (K(ATP)) channels are composed of pore-forming subunits, typically Kir6.2 in neurons, and regulatory sulfonylurea receptor subunits. In dorsal striatum, activity-dependent H(2)O(2) produced from glutamate receptor activation inhibits dopamine release via K(ATP) channels. Sources of modulatory H(2)O(2) include striatal medium spiny neurons, but not dopaminergic axons. Using fast-scan cyclic voltammetry in guinea-pig striatal slices and immunohistochemistry, we determined the time window for H(2)O(2)/K(ATP)-channel-mediated inhibition and assessed whether modulatory K(ATP) channels are on dopaminergic axons. Comparison of paired-pulse suppression of dopamine release in the absence and presence of glibenclamide, a K(ATP)-channel blocker, or mercaptosuccinate, a glutathione peroxidase inhibitor that enhances endogenous H(2)O(2) levels, revealed a time window for inhibition of 500-1000 ms after stimulation. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated localization of Kir6.2 K(ATP)-channel subunits on dopaminergic axons. Consistent with the presence of functional K(ATP) channels on dopaminergic axons, K(ATP)-channel openers, diazoxide and cromakalim, suppressed single-pulse evoked dopamine release. Although cholinergic interneurons that tonically regulate dopamine release also express K(ATP) channels, diazoxide did not induce the enhanced frequency responsiveness of dopamine release seen with nicotinic-receptor blockade. Together, these studies reveal subsecond regulation of striatal dopamine release by endogenous H(2)O(2) acting at K(ATP) channels on dopaminergic axons, including a role in paired-pulse suppression.