New insights into the role of chronic inflammation and cytokines in the etiopathogenesis of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors.

Although previously considered rare, recent epidemiological studies have revealed that the incidence (3.6/100,000) and prevalence (35/100,000) of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NETs) has increased over the past few decades. Despite the progress in the understanding of GEP-NET molecular biology, there is still little advance in the early diagnosis due to lack of specific tumor markers. As the tumors are mostly detected in their late stage, they are not well controlled by either biotherapy or conventional chemotherapy, and thus represent a significant clinical issue. Chronic inflammation has been implicated in the development of GEP-NETs. This review presents recent findings that link pro-inflammatory cytokines to the molecular basis of GEP-NET tumorigenesis, leading to a more personalized approach to disease management and therapy.