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  • Phlorizin induces lipolysis and alters meal patterns in both early- and late-lactation dairy cows. 17369222

    Phlorizin is known to increase whole-body glucose demand, but it has also stimulated lipolysis in past studies in ruminants. Increased lipolysis complicates studies of dry matter intake (DMI) regulation by hepatic oxidation by providing the liver with additional oxidative substrate. Therefore, to assess whether increased glucose demand selectively increases DMI for cows in negative energy balance, phlorizin was administered to early- and late-lactation cows. Six Holstein cows in early lactation (19 +/- 6 DIM, 50.0 +/- 1.8 kg/d of milk, mean +/- SD) and 6 Holstein cows in late lactation (228 +/- 18 DIM, 30.6 +/- 1.9 kg/d of milk) were randomly assigned to treatment sequence in a crossover design. Periods were 14 d with 7-d adaptation periods and 7 d of treatment. Phlorizin (4 g/d) and propylene glycol (carrier and control) were administered subcutaneously every 6 h throughout the treatment periods. Feeding behavior and DMI data were collected for the final 4 d of each treatment period; blood samples and total urine output were collected on d 4 of each treatment period. Phlorizin caused urinary loss of glucose at 333 g/d in early-lactation cows and 532 g/d in late-lactation cows. Phlorizin increased plasma nonesterified fatty acid concentrations similarly in early- and late-lactation cows, but did not significantly alter plasma insulin concentrations. Treatment with phlorizin tended to decrease meal size, but also decreased intermeal interval, resulting in no effect on DMI. The effects of phlorizin on lipolysis, feeding behavior, and DMI are not dependent on relative energy balance.
    Document Type:
    Reference
    Product Catalog Number:
    GL-32K
    Product Catalog Name:
    Glucagon RIA

  • Identification of a p53 target, CD137L, that mediates growth suppression and immune response of osteosarcoma cells. 28878391

    p53 encodes a transcription factor that transactivates downstream target genes involved in tumour suppression. Although osteosarcoma frequently has p53 mutations, the role of p53 in osteosarcomagenesis is not fully understood. To explore p53-target genes comprehensively in calvarial bone and find out novel druggable p53 target genes for osteosarcoma, we performed RNA sequencing using the calvarial bone and 23 other tissues from p53 +/+ and p53 -/- mice after radiation exposure. Of 23,813 genes, 69 genes were induced more than two-fold in irradiated p53 +/+ calvarial bone, and 127 genes were repressed. Pathway analysis of the p53-induced genes showed that genes associated with cytokine-cytokine receptor interactions were enriched. Three genes, CD137L, CDC42 binding protein kinase gamma and Follistatin, were identified as novel direct p53 target genes that exhibited growth-suppressive effects on osteosarcoma cell lines. Of the three genes, costimulatory molecule Cd137l was induced only in calvarial bone among the 24 tissues tested. CD137L-expressing cells exhibited growth-suppressive effects in vivo. In addition, recombinant Fc-fusion Cd137l protein activated the immune response in vitro and suppressed osteosarcoma cell growth in vivo. We clarified the role of CD137L in osteosarcomagenesis and its potential therapeutic application. Our transcriptome analysis also indicated the regulation of the immune response through p53.
    Document Type:
    Reference
    Product Catalog Number:
    17-409
    Product Catalog Name:
    EZ-Magna ChIP™ G - Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Kit

  • Expression of tenascin in invasion border of early breast cancer correlates with higher risk of distant metastasis. 8980244

    Tenascin (Tn) is an extracellular matrix glycoprotein transiently expressed in epithelial-mesenchymal interaction areas during embryogenesis. Tn is expressed in a limited manner in adult tissues but emerges during wound healing and tumorigenesis. We have studied Tn expression by immunohistochemistry in 137 small node-negative breast cancers treated with breast-conserving surgery and post-operative radiotherapy during 1985-1989. None of the patients had undergone any adjuvant hormonal therapy or chemotherapy. Stromal Tn expression itself could not predict distant metastasis. However, Tn staining in the area of the invasion border seemed to be a strong predictor of distant metastasis, with an estimated 5-year metastasis-free survival (MFS) of 85% in Tn-positive cases compared to 98% in Tn-negative ones. The prognostic impact of Tn in the invasion border on MFS was stronger than that of tumour size and grade. This staining appears to be a useful adjunct for the estimation of breast-cancer metastasis.
    Document Type:
    Reference
    Product Catalog Number:
    MAB19101
    Product Catalog Name:
    Anti-Tenascin Antibody, clone DB7

  • Initiation of testicular tubulogenesis is controlled by neurotrophic tyrosine receptor kinases in a three-dimensional Sertoli cell aggregation assay. 18660385

    The first morphological sign of testicular differentiation is the formation of testis cords. Prior to cord formation, newly specified Sertoli cells establish adhesive junctions, and condensation of somatic cells along the surface epithelium of the genital ridge occurs. Here, we show that Sertoli cell aggregation is necessary for subsequent testis cord formation, and that neurotrophic tyrosine kinase receptors (NTRKs) regulate this process. In a three-dimensional cell culture assay, immature rat Sertoli cells aggregate to form large spherical aggregates (81.36+/-7.34 microm in diameter) in a highly organized, hexagonal arrangement (376.95+/-21.93 microm average distance between spherical aggregates). Exposure to NTRK inhibitors K252a and AG879 significantly disrupted Sertoli cell aggregation in a dose-dependent manner. Sertoli cells were prevented from establishing cell-cell contacts and from forming spherical aggregates. In vitro-derived spherical aggregates were xenografted into immunodeficient nude mice to investigate their developmental potential. In controls, seminiferous tubule-like structures showing polarized single-layered Sertoli cell epithelia, basement membranes, peritubular myoid cells surrounding the tubules, and lumen were observed in histological sections. By contrast, grafts from treatment groups were devoid of tubules and only few single Sertoli cells were present in xenografts after 4 weeks. Furthermore, the grafts were significantly smaller when Sertoli cell aggregation was disrupted by K252a in vitro (20.87 vs 6.63 mg; Pless than 0.05). We conclude from these results that NTRK-regulated Sertoli-Sertoli cell contact is essential to the period of extensive growth and remodeling that occurs during testicular tubulogenesis, and our data indicate its potential function in fetal and prepubertal testis differentiation.
    Document Type:
    Reference
    Product Catalog Number:
    AB1244