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  • Paraspeckles are subpopulation-specific nuclear bodies that are not essential in mice. 21444682

    Nuclei of higher organisms are well structured and have multiple, distinct nuclear compartments or nuclear bodies. Paraspeckles are recently identified mammal-specific nuclear bodies ubiquitously found in most cells cultured in vitro. To investigate the physiological role of paraspeckles, we examined the in vivo expression patterns of two long noncoding RNAs, NEAT1_1 and NEAT1_2, which are essential for the architectural integrity of nuclear bodies. Unexpectedly, these genes were only strongly expressed in a particular subpopulation of cells in adult mouse tissues, and prominent paraspeckle formation was observed only in the cells highly expressing NEAT1_2. To further investigate the cellular functions of paraspeckles, we created an animal model lacking NEAT1 by gene targeting. These knockout mice were viable and fertile under laboratory growth conditions, showing no apparent phenotypes except for the disappearance of paraspeckles. We propose that paraspeckles are nonessential, subpopulation-specific nuclear bodies formed secondary to particular environmental triggers.
    Document Type:
    Reference
    Product Catalog Number:
    Multiple
    Product Catalog Name:
    Multiple

  • Dissociated secondary hyperalgesia in a subject with a large-fibre sensory neuropathy. 8393170

    In the skin surrounding a site of injury, hyperalgesia develops to mechanical stimuli. Two types of secondary hyperalgesia (to light touch and punctate stimuli) have recently been differentiated, based on different durations and sizes of the area involved. We studied secondary hyperalgesia in a subject who had a loss of myelinated afferent nerve fibres below the neck that spared the A delta group. Stroking with a cotton swab was not perceived anywhere on affected skin either before or after injection of 60 micrograms of capsaicin. Thus, there was no hyperalgesia to light touch. Capsaicin injection into the volar forearm evoked normal pain and flare. A von Frey probe exerting a force of 40 mN was perceived as sharp. The sensation of sharpness was more pronounced up to 2 cm outside the flare zone for at least 16 min following the injection (tested with a 200 mN von Frey probe). Thus, hyperalgesia to punctate stimuli developed as in healthy subjects. These data support the model that hyperalgesia to light touch (allodynia) is due to sensitisation of central pain-signaling neurones to low-threshold mechanoreceptor input (A beta fibres). In contrast, punctate hyperalgesia is likely to be due to sensitisation to nociceptor input (A delta or C fibres).
    Document Type:
    Reference
    Product Catalog Number:
    20-119

  • Reversible epigenetic histone modifications and Bdnf expression in neurons with aging and from a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. 22237558

    With aging and Alzheimer's disease (AD), there is an increased sensitivity to stress along with declines in the memory-associated neurotrophin brain-derived neurotrophic factor in AD. We have replicated this aging phenotype in cultured neurons from aged mice despite being grown in the same environmental conditions as young neurons. This led us to hypothesize that age-related differences in epigenetic acetylation and methylation of histones are associated with age-related gene regulation. We cultured hippocampal/cortical neurons from the 3xTg-AD mouse model and from non-transgenic mice to quantify single cell acetylation and methylation levels across the life span. In non-transgenic neurons, H3 acetylation was unchanged with age, while H4 acetylation decreased with age of the donor. Compared to non-transgenic neurons, 3xTg-AD neurons had higher levels of H3 and H4 acetylation beginning at 4 months of age. In contrast to non-transgenic neurons, 3xTg-AD neurons increased acetylation with age; 3xTg-AD neurons also responded differently to inhibition of histone deacetylases at an early age. Importantly, treatment of non-transgenic neurons with the AD peptide Aβ also elevated levels of acetylation. We also examined the repressive function of histone H3 lysine 9 (H3K9) methylation. H3K9 methylation increased with age in non-transgenic neurons, which was amplified further in 3xTg-AD neurons. The dominant effect of higher H3K9 methylation was supported by lower Bdnf gene expression in non-transgenic and 3xTg-AD mice. These data show that the epigenetic states of non-transgenic and 3xTg-AD brain neurons are profoundly different and reversible, beginning at 4 months of age when the first memory deficits are reported.
    Document Type:
    Reference
    Product Catalog Number:
    06-599
    Product Catalog Name:
    Anti-acetyl-Histone H3 Antibody

  • Association of alpha-synuclein immunoreactivity with inflammatory activity in multiple sclerosis lesions. 19151622

    Multiple sclerosis (MS) has neurodegenerative features including neuronal and axonal loss and widespread atrophy of the brain and spinal cord. The cause of this neurodegeneration has been largely attributed to inflammation, but other mechanisms, including those associated with classic neurodegenerative diseases such as the alpha-synucleinopathies, might also be involved in MS pathogenesis. In this study, 96 brain lesions containing varying degrees of inflammatory activity from 12 autopsied MS cases were compared with corresponding regions from 6 neuropathologically normal controls; 2 cerebral biopsy lesions from an MS patient were also studied. We found alpha-synuclein immunoreactivity in the cytoplasm of cells in MS lesions with inflammatory activity but not in control samples. alpha-Synuclein-immunoreactive cells were identified in active (15/15 lesions in the brainstem, 9/13 in cerebral hemispheres) and chronic active (14/15 in the brainstem, 12/22 in cerebral hemispheres) lesions but were absent in chronic inactive lesions (0/31); the greater immunoreactivity in brainstem compared with cerebral hemisphere lesions was significant (p < 0.05). Double-immunofluorescence staining revealed localization of alpha-synuclein immunoreactivity mostly in neurons, microglia/macrophages, and oligodendrocytes, and only rarely in astrocytes. The results suggest that alpha-synuclein expression regulated by inflammatory signals may contribute to neurodegenerative processes in MS lesions.,
    Document Type:
    Reference
    Product Catalog Number:
    AB5038P
    Product Catalog Name:
    Anti-Synuclein α Antibody

  • Apico-basal elongation requires a drebrin-E-EB3 complex in columnar human epithelial cells. 22275434

    Although columnar epithelial cells are known to acquire an elongated shape, the mechanisms involved in this morphological feature have not yet been completely elucidated. Using columnar human intestinal Caco2 cells, it was established here that the levels of drebrin E, an actin-binding protein, increase in the terminal web both in vitro and in vivo during the formation of the apical domain. Drebrin E depletion was found to impair cell compaction and elongation processes in the monolayer without affecting cell polarity or the formation of tight junctions. Decreasing the drebrin E levels disrupted the normal subapical F-actin-myosin-IIB-βII-spectrin network and the apical accumulation of EB3, a microtubule-plus-end-binding protein. Decreasing the EB3 levels resulted in a similar elongation phenotype to that resulting from depletion of drebrin E, without affecting cell compaction processes or the pattern of distribution of F-actin-myosin-IIB. In addition, EB3, myosin IIB and βII spectrin were found to form a drebrin-E-dependent complex. Taken together, these data suggest that this complex connects the F-actin and microtubule networks apically during epithelial cell morphogenesis, while drebrin E also contributes to stabilizing the actin-based terminal web.
    Document Type:
    Reference
    Product Catalog Number:
    Multiple
    Product Catalog Name:
    Multiple

  • Cyclic AMP-mediated signaling components are upregulated in the prefrontal cortex of depressed suicide victims. 11306008

    The components of cyclic AMP signaling cascade (catalytic (Calpha) subunit of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) and cyclic AMP response element binding protein (CREB)) were quantitated by Western blotting in the prefrontal cortex of depressed suicide victims (n=23) and their matched controls (n=14). There was a significant increase in the levels of CREB, both in total (tCREB; 121+/-8% (mean+/-S.E.M.), P0.02) and phosphorylated (pCREB; 128+/-9%, P0.01) forms, but not in PKA Calpha levels (109+/-9%, ns), in brains of depressed suicides compared to those in control subjects. The increases in CREB were specifically observed in antidepressant drug-free subjects (tCREB: 137+/-11%, P0.01; pCREB: 136+/-12%, P0.02; n=9), but not in the antidepressant-treated subjects (tCREB: 108+/-18%, ns; pCREB: 111+/-17%, ns; n=8). There were significant correlations between the levels of PKA and those of tCREB and pCREB in the prefrontal cortex of depressed suicides. These results indicate that the components of cyclic AMP signaling are upregulated in a coordinated manner in brains of depressed suicides and that this alteration is not related to antidepressant treatment.
    Document Type:
    Reference
    Product Catalog Number:
    06-863
    Product Catalog Name:
    Anti-CREB Antibody

  • The cellular composition and morphological organization of the rostral migratory stream in the adult human brain. 19159677

    The rostral migratory stream (RMS) is the major pathway by which progenitor cells migrate from the subventricular zone (SVZ) to the olfactory bulb (OB) in rodents, rabbits and primates. However, the existence of an RMS within the adult human brain has been elusive. Immunohistochemical studies utilising cell-type specific markers for early progenitor cells (CD133), proliferating cells (PCNA), astrocytes and type B cells (GFAP) and migrating neuroblasts (PSA-NCAM), reveal that the adult human RMS is organized into layers containing glial cells, proliferating cells and neuroblasts. In addition, the RMS is arranged around a remnant of the ventricular cavity that extends from the SVZ to the OB as seen by immunohistological staining analysis and electron microscopy, showing the presence of basal bodies and a typical 9+2 arrangement of tubulin in tufts of cilia from all levels of the RMS. Overall, these findings suggest that a pathway of migratory progenitor cells similar to that seen in other mammals is present within the adult human brain and that this pathway could provide for neurogenesis in the human forebrain. These findings contribute to the scientific understanding of adult neurogenesis and establish the detailed cytoarchitecture of this novel neurogenic niche in the human brain.
    Document Type:
    Reference
    Product Catalog Number:
    MAB5324
    Product Catalog Name:
    Anti-Polysialic Acid-NCAM Antibody, clone 2-2B

  • IGFBP-3 - 19359

    Document Type:
    Certificate of Analysis
    Lot Number:
    19359
    Product Catalog Number:
    12-131

  • NovaSeptum® GO

    Document Type:
    Certificate of Quality
    Lot Number:
    210319-501
    Product Catalog Number:
    E461-90005
    Product Catalog Name:
    NovaSeptum® GO, AV Application, 5 ml