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  • Heterogeneity of macrophages in the rat evidenced by variability in determinants: two new anti-rat macrophage antibodies against a heterodimer of 160 and 95 kd (CD11/CD18 ... 2572659

    A set of three monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs), ED1, ED2, and ED3, has been shown to recognize in situ different subsets of macrophages in the rat. This macrophage diversity can be correlated with differences in stage of differentiation of cells belonging to one lineage. The present study quantifies this antigen distribution in the macrophage fractions of several lymphoid organs provided by Percoll centrifugation. Four new MoAbs (ED4, ED7, ED8, and ED9) raised against macrophages are included in this study. The tissue distribution of each of the four new MoAbs is determined by immuno- and enzyme-histochemistry on cryostat sections. The MoAbs recognize distinct subpopulations of macrophages. The new MoAbs ED4, ED7, ED8, and ED9 recognize granulocytes and other unrelated cell types, as well as cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system. ED7 and ED8 recognize a surface heterodimer of Mr 160,000 and 95,000.
    Tipo de documento:
    Referencia
    Referencia del producto:
    Múltiplo
    Nombre del producto:
    Múltiplo

  • Osteoclasts differentiate from resident precursors in an in vivo model of synchronized resorption: a temporal and spatial study in rats. 11062348

    Osteoclasts differentiate from mononucleated precursors expressing monocyte markers, which gradually evolve to preosteoclasts expressing the osteoclast phenotype. Although the role of osteogenic cells in these changes has been well documented in vitro, their contribution in vivo has not been established. In this study, a synchronized wave of resorption was activated along the mandibular periosteum. The periosteum adjacent to the bone surface studied was separated by a computer-assisted technique into an osteogenic alkaline phosphatase-positive compartment and an outer nonosteogenic compartment. Specific markers (nonspecific esterase [NSE], tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase [TRAP], and ED1 antibody, a marker of the monocyte-macrophage lineage) were used to follow osteoclast differentiation quantitatively as a function of time after activation of resorption, from day 0 to day 4 (peak of resorption in this model). Local cell proliferation was assessed in parallel. Between day 0 and day 3, the thickness of the osteogenic compartment decreased by 50% (p 0.0002). In the osteogenic compartment, proliferating cell numbers fell by 80% at 12 day, NSE(+) cells (located farthest from the bone surface) increased 3. 9-fold on day 4 vs. day 0 (p 0.005), ED1(+) cells decreased between day 0 and day 2 (p 0.02) before returning to their initial value, and TRAP(+) cells increased 2.7-fold between day 1 and day 3 (p 0.0005). Resorption was absent in the site studied on day 0, but on day 4 there were 20.5 osteoclast nuclei per millimeter of bone surface. The cell ratio changed from 30.3 NSE(+) and ED1(+) (some of which were also TRAP(+)) cells per millimeter on day 0 to 37.6 mononucleated cells plus 20.5 osteoclast nuclei on day 4. In the nonosteogenic compartment, an entry of ED1(+)/NSE(-) was observed on 12 day (+23 cells, p 0.02 vs. day 0). This was followed by a return of ED1(+) cell numbers to the control level on day 1, and a transient increase in NSE(+) cells (+47% on day 2 vs. day 1, p 0.02). TRAP(+) cells were never seen in this compartment. Proliferating cell numbers did not change throughout the study. Our results strongly suggest that the osteoclasts present on day 4 differentiated from the pool of TRAP(+), ED1(+), and NSE(+) cells present at the site on day 0. The osteogenic compartment was gradually replenished by cells migrating from the nonosteogenic compartment, which was supplemented by ED1(+) cells recruited from the circulation early after activation. Moreover, osteogenic cells appeared to be as crucial in vivo for the acquisition of the TRAP phenotype as previously shown in vitro.
    Tipo de documento:
    Referencia
    Referencia del producto:
    MAB1435
    Nombre del producto:
    Anti-Macrophages/Monocytes Antibody, clone ED-1

  • Repetitive, negligible force reaching in rats induces pathological overloading of upper extremity bones. 14606516

    Work-related repetitive motion disorders are costly. Immunohistochemical changes in bones resulting from repetitive reaching and grasping in 17 rats were examined. After 3-6 weeks, numbers of ED1+ macrophages and osteoclasts increased at periosteal surfaces of sites of muscle and interosseous membrane attachment and metaphyses of reach and nonreach forelimbs. These findings indicate pathological overloading leading to inflammation and subsequent bone resorption. INTRODUCTION: Sixty-five percent of all occupational illnesses in U.S. private industry are attributed to musculoskeletal disorders arising from the performance of repeated motion, yet the precise mechanisms of tissue pathophysiology have yet to be determined for work-related musculoskeletal disorders. This study investigates changes in upper extremity bone tissues resulting from performance of a voluntary highly repetitive, negligible force reaching and grasping task in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seventeen rats reached an average of 8.3 times/minute for 45-mg food pellets for 2 h/day, 3 days/week for up to 12 weeks. Seven rats served as normal or trained controls. Radius, ulna, humerus, and scapula were collected bilaterally as follows: radius and ulna at 0, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 12 weeks and humerus and scapula at 0, 4, and 6 weeks. Bones were examined for ED1-immunoreactive mononuclear cells and osteoclasts. Double-labeling immunohistochemistry was performed for ED1 (monocyte/macrophage lineage cell marker) and TRACP (osteoclast marker) to confirm that ED1+ multinucleated cells were osteoclasts. Differences in the number of ED1+ cells over time were analyzed by ANOVA. RESULTS: Between 3 and 6 weeks of task performance, the number of ED1+ mononuclear cells and osteoclasts increased significantly at the periosteal surfaces of the distal radius and ulna of the reach and nonreach limbs compared with control rats. These cells also increased at periosteal surfaces of humerus and scapula of both forelimbs by 4-6 weeks. These cellular increases were greatest at muscle attachments and metaphyseal regions, but they were also present at some interosseous membrane attachments. The number of ED1+ cells decreased to control levels in radius and ulna by 12 weeks. CONCLUSIONS: Increases in ED1+ mononuclear cells and osteoclasts indicate that highly repetitive, negligible force reaching causes pathological overloading of bone leading to inflammation and osteolysis of periosteal bone tissues.
    Tipo de documento:
    Referencia
    Referencia del producto:
    MAB1435
    Nombre del producto:
    Anti-Macrophages/Monocytes Antibody, clone ED-1

  • Different glial reactions to hippocampal stab wounds in young adult and aged rats. 12586848

    Brain injury induces reactive gliosis. To examine the activation of glial cells after brain injury in young versus aged rats, we used a brain stab-wound model and examined the expression of cells positive for ED1 (ED1(+)) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP(+)) in the hippocampus in young-mature (3 months) and aged (25 months) Wistar rats at various times following hippocampal stab injury. ED1(+) cells appeared more frequently in the aged rats than in the young-mature rats under control conditions, whereas the number of GFAP(+) cells was not different between two groups. Following the stab wound, there was an increase in ED1 expression that was delayed but stronger in the aged rats and that persisted longer; the increase of the number of GFAP(+) cells also persisted longer. We conclude that different glial reactivity in the aged brain suggests that aging is associated with increased glial responsiveness that may enhance susceptibility to injury and disease in the brain.
    Tipo de documento:
    Referencia
    Referencia del producto:
    MAB3402
    Nombre del producto:
    Anti-Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein Antibody, clone GA5

  • Cell cycle activation contributes to post-mitotic cell death and secondary damage after spinal cord injury. 17690131

    Spinal cord injury (SCI) causes delayed secondary biochemical alterations that lead to tissue loss and associated neurological dysfunction. Up-regulation of cell cycle proteins occurs in both neurons and glia after SCI and may contribute to these changes. The present study examined the role of cell cycle activation on secondary injury after severe SCI in rat. SCI caused cell cycle protein up-regulation associated with neuronal and oligodendroglial apoptosis, glial scar formation and microglial activation. Treatment with the cell cycle inhibitor flavopiridol reduced cell cycle protein induction and significantly improved functional recovery versus vehicle-treated controls at 21 and 28 days post-injury. Treatment also significantly reduced lesion volume, as measured by MRI and histology, decreased astrocytic reactivity, attenuated neuronal and oligodendroglial apoptosis and reduced the production of factors associated with microglial activation. Thus, flavopiridol treatment improves outcome after SCI by inhibiting cell cycle pathways, resulting in beneficial multifactorial actions on neurons and glia.
    Tipo de documento:
    Referencia
    Referencia del producto:
    S7110
    Nombre del producto:
    ApopTag® Fluorescein In Situ Apoptosis Detection Kit

  • Phagocytic activity of macrophages and microglial cells during the course of acute and chronic relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. 7932870

    The ED1 monoclonal antibody recognizes an antigen in lysosomal membranes of phagocytes. The expression of this antigen in cells increases during phagocytic activity. Here we describe the expression of ED1-immunoreactivity during the various stages of both acute (monophasic) and chronic relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in the Lewis rat. During the first attack of acute and chronic relapsing EAE, ED1-immunoreactivity was present in macrophages and in cells which displayed morphologic features of activated microglial cells (i.e., cells with thick short processes). At the ultrastructural level these cells were seen to contain phagocytosed myelin structures in lysosomes. ED1-immunoreactivity in these cells was present in the cytoplasm near lysosomes. During the remission phase of acute EAE and the relapse phase of chronic relapsing EAE, ED1-positive cells with dendritic morphology not only were present in or nearby lesions, but were also found at sites distant from lesions throughout large parts of the brain. These cells had a morphology comparable to microglial cells in normal brain. A major difference between animals which were in remission and animals which on day 25 were suffering from a relapse, was that the latter showed the presence of lesions with darkly stained round ED1-positive macrophages and activated microglial cells. These results indicate that during a relapse, newly recruited blood-borne macrophages infiltrate the brain and, together with activated lymphocytes and microglial cells, recommence a new demyelination process.
    Tipo de documento:
    Referencia
    Referencia del producto:
    MAB1435
    Nombre del producto:
    Anti-Macrophages/Monocytes Antibody, clone ED-1

  • Coupling biotic and abiotic metrics to create a testbed for predicting neural electrode performance. 22254976

    In this work, we develop an experimental testbed that couples biotic and abiotic metrics for studying, quantifying and predicting the effects of chronic electrode implantation on neural electrode performance. The rationale is based on the observation that long-term functionality is the outcome of the interactions between the dynamics of the neuronal environment and the properties of the electrode itself. By combining and analyzing the substantially richer information available in the spatiotemporal dynamics of neurons with biotic and abiotic metrics such as biochemical markers, histochemistry, SEM imaging, and electrochemistry, we seek to quantitatively improve our understanding of the functional modifications underlying the long-term responses of electrode implants. The goal is to ultimately enable the design of future reliable interfaces. In our preliminary analysis using this biotic-abiotic approach of an electrode 18 days post-implant, we observed both structural and histochemical responses related to chronic electrode implantation. These were coupled to daily functional changes in electrode performance. Interestingly, these changes were not correlated with markers of brain injury at the time of electrode explantation. Future work using this multidisciplinary approach is directed to providing a detailed perspective into long-term microelectrode performance.
    Tipo de documento:
    Referencia
    Referencia del producto:
    MAB1435
    Nombre del producto:
    Anti-Macrophages/Monocytes Antibody, clone ED-1

  • Histamine promotes osteoclastogenesis through the differential expression of histamine receptors on osteoclasts and osteoblasts. 19264900

    In addition to the numerous roles of histamine in both the immune and nervous systems, previous studies have suggested that this bioamine might also be involved in bone metabolism. Following our observations of impaired bone resorption in ovariectomized rats after histamine receptor antagonist treatment, we focused in this study on osteoclasts and osteoclast precursors. We looked for a direct action of histamine on these cells using both in vivo and in vitro approaches. In vivo, we triggered a remodeling sequence in rat mandibular bone and treated the animals with either histamine or histamine receptor antagonists. Histamine was shown to increase the number of osteoclasts and osteoclast precursors whereas antagonists of histamine receptor-1 and -2 decreased both osteoclast recruitment and resorption. In vitro, spleen cells from histamine-deficient mice were treated with receptor activator for nuclear factor kappa B ligand and macrophage colony stimulating factor, giving rise to both reduced numbers of osteoclasts and decreased resorption on dentin slices. Histamine enhanced resorption in these cultures in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, we identified osteoclast precursors as a source of histamine. In contrast, histamine increased the receptor activator for nuclear factor kappa B ligand/osteoprotegerin ratio in primary osteoblasts that did not secrete histamine. We observed a differential expression of histamine receptor-1 and -2 mRNAs in both primary osteoclasts and osteoblasts, confirming their functional roles with selective antagonists. Thus, histamine acts directly on osteoclasts, osteoclast precursors, and osteoblasts, promoting osteoclastogenesis through autocrine/paracrine mechanisms.
    Tipo de documento:
    Referencia
    Referencia del producto:
    MAB1435
    Nombre del producto:
    Anti-Macrophages/Monocytes Antibody, clone ED-1

  • Aldosterone induces a vascular inflammatory phenotype in the rat heart. 12384457

    Vascular inflammation was examined as a potential mechanism of aldosterone-mediated myocardial injury in uninephrectomized rats receiving 1% NaCl-0.3% KCl to drink for 1, 2, or 4 wk and 1) vehicle, 2) aldosterone infusion (0.75 microg/h), or 3) aldosterone infusion (0.75 microg/h) plus the selective aldosterone blocker eplerenone (100 mg. kg(-1). day(-1)). Aldosterone induced severe hypertension at 4 wk [systolic blood pressure (SBP), 210 +/- 3 mmHg vs. vehicle, 131 +/- 2 mmHg, P 0.001], which was partially attenuated by eplerenone (SBP, 180 +/- 7 mmHg; P 0.001 vs. aldosterone alone and vehicle). No significant increases in myocardial interstitial collagen fraction or hydroxyproline concentration were detected throughout the study. However, histopathological analysis of the heart revealed severe coronary inflammatory lesions, which were characterized by monocyte/macrophage infiltration and resulted in focal ischemic and necrotic changes. The histological evidence of coronary lesions was preceded by and associated with the elevation of cyclooxygenase-2 (up to approximately 4-fold), macrophage chemoattractant protein-1 (up to approximately 4-fold), and osteopontin (up to approximately 13-fold) mRNA expression. Eplerenone attenuated proinflammatory molecule expression in the rat heart and subsequent vascular and myocardial damage. Thus aldosterone and salt treatment in uninephrectomized rats led to severe hypertension and the development of a vascular inflammatory phenotype in the heart, which may represent one mechanism by which aldosterone contributes to myocardial disease.
    Tipo de documento:
    Referencia
    Referencia del producto:
    MAB1435
    Nombre del producto:
    Anti-Macrophages/Monocytes Antibody, clone ED-1

  • Renal remodelling in dietary protein modified rat polycystic kidney disease. 10460502

    Dietary protein restriction slows progression of the Han:SPRD-cy rat model of polycystic kidney disease. We undertook studies to examine the relative changes in interstitial and tubular pathology as a result of feeding an 8% casein (LP) diet to Han:SPRD-cy rats. Archival tissue from a previous study comparing LP and 20% casein (NP) diets was examined morphometrically after immunohistochemical or histochemical staining for apoptosis, proliferation antigens, interstitial fibrosis, and macrophage infiltration. Expression of common extracellular matrix genes was measured by Northern analysis. Animals fed LP diet demonstrated reduced tubular epithelial remodelling compared with animals fed NP diet by both proliferating cell nuclear antigen-positive cells (57.5 vs. 71.6 cells/mm epithelium, P=0.007) or apoptosis (31.2 vs. 35.6 cells/mm epithelium, P=0.006). Interstitial pathology demonstrated that LP feeding was associated with proportionately greater reductions in interstitial fibrosis (0.3 vs. 1.3 ml/kg body weight, P=0.003), interstitial cellularity (361 vs. 604 cells/high-power field, P=0.0002), and interstitial macrophages (67 vs. 149 cells/high-power field, P=0. 0002). Northern analysis only revealed significantly lower levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein mRNA (P=0.04) in animals fed the LP diet. Dietary protein restriction modifies both tubule and interstitium, with significant impact upon interstitial inflammation and fibrosis in the Han:SPRD-cy rat.
    Tipo de documento:
    Referencia
    Referencia del producto:
    MAB1435
    Nombre del producto:
    Anti-Macrophages/Monocytes Antibody, clone ED-1