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75-25-2

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Feeding behavior and performance of lambs are influenced by flavor diversity.
This study determined whether early experiences by sheep to the same feed, but presented in multiple or single flavors influence intake, profile of hormones involved in feed intake regulation, and the subsequent acceptability of novel feeds. Thirty-five, 2-mo-old lambs were randomly assigned to 5 treatments (7 lambs/treatment). Lambs in 1 treatment (Diversity) were fed simultaneously an unflavored control - plain ration of alfalfa and barley (75:25) and the same ration mixed (0.2%) with 1 of 3 flavors: (1) sweet, (2) umami, and (3) bitter. The other 4 treatments (Monotonous diets) received just 1 of the four rations. All animals were fed their respective rations from 0800 to 1600 for 60 d. On d 55, intake was recorded every 30 min for 8 h. On day 58 lambs were bled 1 h pre-feeding and at 30, 60, 210, 300, and 540 min post-feeding. Preference tests were conducted by offering simultaneously novel feeds of either (1) high-energy, (2) high-protein content, (3) beet pulp mixed with phytochemicals, or (4) low-quality feeds. Lambs in Diversity consumed more feed than lambs in the other treatments (P < 0.001). Lambs in Diversity consumed equivalent amounts of Plain and Umami feeds, with Umami being consumed at a greater level (P < 0.001) than the Bitter and Sweet feeds. Lambs in Diversity tended to grow faster than lambs in the other treatments (P = 0.06). On d 55, lambs in Diversity showed lower (P < 0.05) intakes than the other treatments during the 2 peaks of food consumption: 30 min and 270 min from feeding, and a trend for the lowest plasmatic concentrations of ghrelin (P = 0.06). In contrast, lambs in Diversity consumed more feed than lambs exposed to monotonous flavors at 60, 90, 120, and 180 min from feeding (P < 0.05). Lambs in Diversity also showed the lowest concentration of CCK and GLP-1 (P < 0.001). There was a trend for the greatest concentration of leptin (P = 0.14) and IGF-1 (P = 0.16) in Diversity, and for the lowest concentration of leptin in Bitter (P = 0.14). Previous experience with flavored feeds affected preference for high-energy and low-quality feeds, and for beet pulp mixed with phytochemicals (treatment x feed x day effect; P < 0.05). Thus, exposure to diverse flavors has the potential to increase feed intake and induce a more even consumption of feed across time by reducing peaks and nadirs of intake compared with exposure to monotonous rations. Flavor diversity may also influence initial acceptability and preference for novel feeds.
Document Type:

Reference

Product Catalog Number:

Multiple
Product Catalog Name:

Multiple
A membrane-bound trehalase from Chironomus riparius larvae: purification and sensitivity to inhibition.
A preparation of a membrane-bound trehalase from the larvae of the midge Chironomus riparius (Diptera: Chironomidae) was obtained by detergent solubilization, ion-exchange chromatography and concanavalin A affinity chromatography. Trehalase was purified 1080-fold to a specific activity of 75 U mg(-)(1). The initial rate of trehalase activity followed Henri-Michaelis-Menten kinetics with a K(m) of 0.48 +/- 0.04 mM. Catalytic efficiency was maximal at pH 6.5. The activity was highly inhibited by mono- and bicyclic iminosugar alkaloids such as (in order of potency) casuarine (IC(50) = 0.25 +/- 0.03 microM), deoxynojirimycin (IC(50) = 2.83 +/- 0.34 microM) and castanospermine (IC(50) = 12.7 +/- 1.4 microM). Increasing substrate concentration reduced the inhibition. However, in the presence of deoxynojirimycin, Lineweaver-Burk plots were curvilinear upward. Linear plots were obtained with porcine trehalase. Here, we propose that deoxynojirimycin inhibits the activity of trehalase from C. riparius according to a ligand exclusion model. Inhibition was further characterized by measuring enzyme activity in the presence of a series of casuarine and deoxynojirimycin derivatives. For comparison, inhibition studies were also performed with porcine trehalase. Results indicate substantial differences between midge trehalase and mammalian trehalase suggesting that, in principle, inhibitors against insect pests having trehalase as biochemical targets can be developed.
Document Type:

Reference

Product Catalog Number:

2752
Product Catalog Name:

BrdU Cell Proliferation Kit
Production, purification, crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis of the HIV-2-neutralizing V3 loop-specific Fab fragment 7C8.
7C8 is a mouse monoclonal antibody that is specific for the third hypervariable loop (V3 loop) of the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) associated protein gp125. Fab fragments of 7C8 effectively neutralize HIV-2. 7C8 was expressed and purified from a hybridoma cell line in order to establish the molecular basis underlying the specificity of the 7C8 antibody for the V3 loop as well as the specific role of the elongated third complementarity-determining region of the heavy chain (CDRH3). The antibody was digested with papain and Fab fragments were purified using size-exclusion chromatography. Hanging-drop vapour-diffusion crystallization techniques were employed and the protein was crystallized in 50 mM ammonium sulfate, 100 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.5, 25%(w/v) PEG 8000 and 2.5%(w/v) PEG 400 at 275 K. The analysed crystals belonged to the rhombohedral space group P3(2)21, with unit-cell parameters a = b = 100.1, c = 196.8 A, and diffracted to 2.7 A resolution.
Document Type:

Reference

Product Catalog Number:

2752
Product Catalog Name:

BrdU Cell Proliferation Kit