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  • Effect of feed restriction and supplemental dietary fat on gut peptide and hypothalamic neuropeptide messenger ribonucleic acid concentrations in growing wethers. 19897637

    The objectives of the present study were 1) to evaluate the effects of supplemental fat and ME intake on plasma concentrations of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), cholecystokinin (CCK), glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, ghrelin, and oxyntomodulin; and 2) to determine the association of these peptides with DMI and the hypothalamic concentration of mRNA for the following neuropeptides: neuropeptide Y (NPY), agouti-related peptide (AgRP), and proopiomelanocortin (POMC). In a completely randomized block design with a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments, 32 pens with 2 wethers each were restricted-fed (2.45 Mcal/lamb per day) or offered diets ad libitum (n = 16) with or without 6% supplemental fat (n = 16) for a period of 30 d. Dry matter intake was measured daily. On d 8, 15, 22, and 29, BW was measured before feeding, and 6 h after feeding, blood samples were collected for plasma measurement of insulin, GLP-1, CCK, ghrelin, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, oxyntomodulin, glucose, and NEFA concentrations. On d 29, blood was collected 30 min before feeding for the same hormone and metabolite analyses. At the end of the experiment, wethers were slaughtered and the hypothalami were collected to measure concentrations of NPY, AgRP, and POMC mRNA. Offering feed ad libitum (resulting in greater ME intake) increased plasma insulin and NEFA concentrations (P = 0.02 and 0.02, respectively) and decreased hypothalamic mRNA expression of NPY and AgRP (P = 0.07 and 0.02, respectively) compared with the restricted-fed wethers. There was a trend for the addition of dietary fat to decrease DMI (P = 0.12). Addition of dietary fat decreased insulin and glucose concentrations (P 0.05 and 0.01, respectively) and tended to increase hypothalamic mRNA concentrations for NPY and AgRP (P = 0.07 and 0.11, respectively). Plasma GLP-1 and CCK concentrations increased in wethers offered feed ad libitum compared with restricted-fed wethers, but the response was greater when wethers were offered feed ad libitum and had supplemental fat in the diet (fat x intake interaction, P = 0.04). The prefeeding plasma ghrelin concentration was greater in restricted-fed wethers compared with those offered feed ad libitum, but the concentrations were similar 6 h after feeding (intake x time interaction, P 0.01). Supplemental dietary fat did not affect (P = 0.22) plasma ghrelin concentration. We conclude that insulin, ghrelin, CCK, and GLP-1-05-regulate DMI in sheep by regulating the hypothalamic gene expression of NPY, AgRP, and POMC.
    Document Type:
    Reference
    Product Catalog Number:
    GHRA-88HK
    Product Catalog Name:
    Human Ghrelin (ACTIVE) RIA

  • Effect of feed restriction on adipose tissue transcript concentrations in genetically lean and obese pigs. 10784183

    To determine possible genetic influences on the steady-state concentrations of several key transcription factor transcripts and the transcript concentrations for adipocyte-characteristic proteins, young, genetically obese and lean pigs were given ad libitum access or feed or were restrictively fed at 50% of ad libitum intake for 5 wk. Obese pigs were smaller and fatter than lean pigs, whether intake was ad libitum or restrictive. Plasma protein, albumin, and cholesterol concentrations were greater in obese than in lean pigs. Plasma NEFA, blood urea nitrogen, triacylglycerols, and postprandial glucose and insulin concentrations were less (P .02) in pigs fed restrictively than in pigs with ad libitum access to feed, regardless of genetic group. The adipose tissue glucose transporter 4, fatty acid synthase, and leptin transcript concentrations were greater (P .05) in obese than in lean pigs. The CCAAT/enhancer binding proteins beta and alpha, adipocyte fatty acid binding protein, hormone-sensitive lipase, and the beta1-adrenergic receptor transcript concentrations tended (P . 10) to be greater in adipose tissue from obese than in that from lean pigs. Several other transcripts were numerically greater in obese than in lean pigs. The data collectively suggest that messenger RNA concentration for several adipose tissue proteins is a contributing factor to the excess fat deposition in these obese pigs. Restricted feeding did not change the concentration of any transcript except that for adipocyte fatty acid binding protein, which was reduced. The accretion of fat was markedly reduced in the restrictively fed pigs, but this diminution does not seem to be regulated by modulation of messenger RNA concentration.
    Document Type:
    Reference
    Product Catalog Number:
    HI-14K
    Product Catalog Name:
    Human Insulin-Specific RIA

  • The effect of production level on feed intake, milk yield, and endocrine responses to two fatty acid supplements in lactating cows. 16230708

    Animal responses to dietary treatment may interact with metabolic state, which differs for cows across a wide range of milk yield. Responses to dietary saturated vs. unsaturated fatty acid (FA) supplement was evaluated using 32 multiparous Holstein cows arranged in a crossover design with 14-d periods. Treatments were 2.5% FA from unsaturated FA (calcium salts of palm FA) or saturated FA (prilled, hydrogenated free FA). Unsaturated FA treatments decreased dry matter intake (0.8 kg/d) and time spent ruminating (25 min/d) compared with saturated FA treatment. Treatments did not differ in milk or 3.5% fat-corrected milk yield. Intake and milk yield responses were not related to milk yield across cows. Saturated FA treatment increased milk protein and lactose concentrations, but treatment did not affect yield of milk components. Saturated FA treatment increased insulin over 25% and decreased nonesterified FA nearly 20% with no effect on plasma somatotropin, glucose, or beta-hydroxybutyrate concentrations. Milk protein concentration and yield responses to treatment were positively correlated with pretrial fat-corrected milk yield. Milk protein response was not related to insulin response, supporting the importance of insulin sensitivity in control of milk protein synthesis. Unsaturated FA treatment decreased dry matter intake and rumination time compared with saturated FA treatment, consistent with reports of unsaturated fat increasing satiety and decreasing gut motility. Decreased milk protein synthesis by fat supplementation may be related to FA saturation and milk yield of cows.
    Document Type:
    Reference
    Product Catalog Number:
    GL-32K
    Product Catalog Name:
    Glucagon RIA

  • Hypoglycemia and reduced feed intake in broiler chickens treated with metformin. 12580251

    The bi-guanide metformin is used to treat noninsulin dependent diabetes in obese patients. In addition to having antihyperglycemic effects, metformin is also anorectic and reduces BW. These studies were performed to determine if metformin possesses similar properties in chickens. Metformin-HCl was administered to 14-day-old broiler chickens at either 300 or 600 mg/kg per day in the drinking water for 10 d while monitoring BW and feed intake. No changes in water intake were observed, while feed intake and daily gains were only significantly reduced by the 600 mg/kg dose. After oral administration of a single dose of 300 mg/kg metformin-HCl, feed intake was significantly reduced by 4 h and remained suppressed for greater than 24 h relative to controls. Plasma hormones and metabolites (glucose, lactate, insulin, glucagon, uric acid, nonesterified fatty acid, and triglycerides) were monitored at 1, 2, 3, 6, and 24 h posttreatment. Significant and acute decreases in blood glucose, insulin, and triglycerides were observed at 3 h posttreatment as compared to controls. Opposing acute increases in glucagon and NEFA levels were also observed at 3 h followed by an increase in uric add 6 h posttreatment. These observations suggest that metformin induces metabolic changes in birds, similar to that observed in mammals and may act in a common manner. Metformin-HCl may be useful in glucose metabolism studies by inducing hypoglycemia, a condition rarely observed in birds.
    Document Type:
    Reference
    Product Catalog Number:
    GL-32K
    Product Catalog Name:
    Glucagon RIA