Nuclear transfer in the rhesus monkey: opportunities and challenges.
- Document Type:
- Reference
- Product Catalog Number:
- 14-815
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Nuclear transfer in the rhesus monkey: opportunities and challenges.
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Distinct neural pathways mediate α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor-dependent activation of the forebrain.
- alpha(7) nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) agonists are candidates for the treatment of cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. Selective alpha(7) nAChR agonists, such as SSR180711, activate neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and nucleus accumbens shell (ACCshell) in rats, regions important for cognitive function. However, the neural substrates involved in these effects remain elusive. Here we identify cortically projecting cholinergic neurons in the horizontal limb of the diagonal band of Broca (HDB) in the basal forebrain (BF) as important targets for alpha(7) nAChR activation, as measured by c-Fos immunoreactivity, a marker of neuronal activation. Selective depletion of these cholinergic neurons abolishes the SSR180711-induced activation of the mPFC but not the ACCshell, demonstrating their critical importance for alpha(7) nAChR-dependent activation of the mPFC. Contrarily, selective depletion of dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area abolishes the SSR180711-induced activation of the ACCshell but not the mPFC or HDB. These results demonstrate 2 distinct neural pathways activated by SSR180711. The BF and mPFC are important for attentional function and may subserve the procognitive effects of alpha(7) nAChR agonists, whereas activation of the ACCshell is implicated in the beneficial effect of antipsychotics on the positive symptoms of schizophrenia.
- Document Type:
- Reference
- Product Catalog Number:
- Multiple
- Product Catalog Name:
- Multiple
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Polymorphonuclear leucocytes as potential source of free radicals in the ischaemic-reperfused myocardium.
- The feasibility of polymorphonuclear leucocytes as a potential source of free radicals during reperfusion of ischaemic myocardium was evaluated. Isolated rat heart was perfused in the presence of f-Met-Leu-Phe-activated and normal polymorphonuclear leucocytes for 30 min. To judge the degree of cellular injury which might result from activated polymorphonuclear leucocytes during perfusion, isolated hearts were also perfused with superoxide anions, hydroxyl radicals, and hypochlorous acid-generating systems in the absence or presence of their corresponding scavengers, superoxide dismutase plus catalase, dimethylthiourea, and allopurinol, respectively. Activated polymorphonuclear leucocytes stimulated the release of lactate dehydrogenase, a biological marker of cellular injury, and malondialdehyde, a presumptive marker for lipid peroxidation; increased tissue injury, as evidenced by morphologic examinations using light and electron microscopy; decreased dry/wet ratios of heart, signifying oedema formation; and reduced myocardial adenosine triphosphate and creatine phosphate content as well as coronary flow, indicating decreased myocardial performance. These biological, physiological, and morphologic parameters were reversed significantly, but not completely, by treating the heart with scavengers, superoxide dismutase plus catalase or allopurinol, but were reversed completely by simultaneous treatment with superoxide dismutase, catalase, and allopurinol. Comparable results were obtained when the hearts were treated with each of these free radical-generating systems and their corresponding scavengers. Generation of free radicals was confirmed either by cytochrome c reduction or by examining the chemiluminescence response using a luminometer. These results indicate that activated polymorphonuclear leucocytes can cause myocardial cellular injury equivalent to the damage caused by free radicals and oxidants which are present in an ischaemic-reperfused heart, suggesting that polymorphonuclear leucocytes may be a potential source of free radicals in the reperfused heart.
- Document Type:
- Reference
- Product Catalog Number:
- 17-111