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  • Low levels of hydrogen peroxide stimulate corneal epithelial cell adhesion, migration, and wound healing. 21087961

    Intracellular reactive oxygen species have been reported to associate with growth factor and integrin signalings in promoting cell adhesion in many cell types. This study is to explore if exogenous H(2)O(2) at low levels can be beneficial to cell adhesion, migration, and wound healing.Primary rabbit corneal epithelial cells treated with 0-70 μM H(2)O(2) were tested for viability by MTT assay, adhesion by centrifugation assay, focal contacts of vinculin and F-actin by immunofluorescence, activated Src(pY416), EGF receptor (pY845), vinculin(pY1065), FAK(pY397), and FAK(pY576) by immunoblotting. Cell migration was examined with 0-50 μM H(2)O(2) using the scratch wound technique. Corneal wound healing of ex vivo pig model and in vivo mouse model was examined using H(2)O(2) with and without antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC).Compared with the untreated control, H(2)O(2) at 10-50 μM stimulated cell viability and facilitated adhesion and migration with clear induction of vinculin-rich focal adhesions and F-actin-containing stress fibers by increasing activated Src, FAK(pY576), and vinculin(pY1065). H(2)O(2) also increased phosphorylation of EGFR(Y845) parallel to that of activated Src, but both were eliminated by NAC and PP1 (Src inhibitor). Finally, H(2)O(2) induced faster wound healing in cornea both in vitro and in vivo, but the healing was diminished by NAC.These findings suggest that H(2)O(2) at low levels promotes cell adhesion, migration, and wound healing in cornea cells or tissue, and the interaction of H(2)O(2) with Src plays a major role.
    Document Type:
    Reference
    Product Catalog Number:
    AP124F
    Product Catalog Name:
    Goat Anti-Mouse IgG Antibody, (H+L) FITC Conjugated

  • PED/PEA-15 inhibits hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis in Ins-1E pancreatic beta-cells via PLD-1. 25489735

    The small scaffold protein PED/PEA-15 is involved in several different physiologic and pathologic processes, such as cell proliferation and survival, diabetes and cancer. PED/PEA-15 exerts an anti-apoptotic function due to its ability to interfere with both extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways in different cell types. Recent evidence shows that mice overexpressing PED/PEA-15 present larger pancreatic islets and increased beta-cells mass. In the present work we investigated PED/PEA-15 role in hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis in Ins-1E beta-cells. In pancreatic islets isolated from Tg(PED/PEA-15) mice hydrogen peroxide-induced DNA fragmentation was lower compared to WT islets. TUNEL analysis showed that PED/PEA-15 overexpression increases the viability of Ins-1E beta-cells and enhances their resistance to apoptosis induced by hydrogen peroxide exposure. The activity of caspase-3 and the cleavage of PARP-1 were markedly reduced in Ins-1E cells overexpressing PED/PEA-15 (Ins-1E(PED/PEA-15)). In parallel, we observed a decrease of the mRNA levels of pro-apoptotic genes Bcl-xS and Bad. In contrast, the expression of the anti-apoptotic gene Bcl-xL was enhanced. Accordingly, DNA fragmentation was higher in control cells compared to Ins-1E(PED/PEA-15) cells. Interestingly, the preincubation with propranolol, an inhibitor of the pathway of PLD-1, a known interactor of PED/PEA-15, responsible for its deleterious effects on glucose tolerance, abolishes the antiapoptotic effects of PED/PEA-15 overexpression in Ins-1E beta-cells. The same results have been obtained by inhibiting PED/PEA-15 interaction with PLD-1 in Ins-1E(PED/PEA-15). These results show that PED/PEA-15 overexpression is sufficient to block hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis in Ins-1E cells through a PLD-1 mediated mechanism.
    Document Type:
    Reference
    Product Catalog Number:
    06-822

  • Glutamine Deprivation Causes Hydrogen Peroxide-induced Interleukin-8 Expression via Jak1/Stat3 Activation in Gastric Epithelial AGS Cells. 26473156

    The Janus kinase (Jak)/Signal transducers of activated transcription (Stat) pathway is an upstream signaling pathway for NF-κB activation in Helicobacter pylori-induced interleukin (IL)-8 production in gastric epithelial AGS cells. H. pylori activates NADPH oxidase and produces hydrogen peroxide, which activates Jak1/Stat3 in AGS cells. Therefore, hydrogen peroxide may be critical for IL-8 production via Jak/Stat activation in gastric epithelial cells. Glutamine is depleted during severe injury and stress and contributes to the formation of glutathione (GSH), which is involved in conversion of hydrogen peroxide into water as a cofactor for GSH peroxidase.We investigated whether glutamine deprivation induces hydrogen peroxide-mediated IL-8 production and whether hydrogen peroxide activates Jak1/Stat3 to induce IL-8 in AGS cells. Cells were cultured in the presence or absence of glutamine or hydrogen peroxide, with or without GSH or a the Jak/Stat specific inhibitor AG490.Glutamine deprivation decreased GSH levels, but increased levels of hydrogen peroxide and IL-8, an effect that was inhibited by treatment with GSH. Hydrogen peroxide induced the activation of Jak1/Stat3 time-dependently. AG490 suppressed hydrogen peroxide- induced activation of Jak1/Stat3 and IL-8 expression in AGS cells, but did not affect levels of reactive oxygen species in AGS cells.In gastric epithelial AGS cells, glutamine deprivation increases hydrogen peroxide levels and IL-8 expression, which may be mediated by Jak1/Stat3 activation. Glutamine supplementation may be beneficial for preventing gastric inflammation by suppressing hydrogen peroxide-mediated Jak1/Stat3 activation and therefore, reducing IL-8 production. Scavenging hydrogen peroxide or targeting Jak1/Stat3 may also prevent oxidant-mediated gastric inflammation.
    Document Type:
    Reference
    Product Catalog Number:
    06-596
    Product Catalog Name:
    Anti-STAT3 Antibody

  • Mipu1 protects H9c2 myogenic cells from hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis through inhibition of the expression of the death receptor Fas. 25310648

    Mipu1 (myocardial ischemic preconditioning upregulated protein 1), a novel rat gene recently identified in our lab, was expressed abundantly and predominantly in the brain and heart and upregulated in myocardium during myocardial ischemia/reperfusion in rats. In our previous study we found that Mipu1 was an evolutionarily conserved zinc finger-containing transcription factor. However, whether Mipu1 confers myocardial protection remains unknown. In this study, H9c2 myogenic cells were treated with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to simulate oxidative stress during myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. The expression of Mipu1 at mRNA and protein levels was detected by RT-PCR and Western blotting analysis. To study the effect of Mipu1 on apoptosis and expression of Fas induced by H2O2, full-length Mipu1 cDNA and Mipu1-RNAi plasmids were transiently transfected into H9c2 myogenic cells, and flow cytometry was used to quantitate the percentage of apoptotic cells. The expression of Fas was analyzed by Western blotting assay. The DNA binding and transcription activities of Mipu1 to the Fas promoter were detected by chromatin immunoprecipitation and luciferase reporter assays. The results showed that exposure of H9c2 myogenic cells to H2O2 resulted in a dose- and time-dependent increase in Mipu1 mRNA and protein levels; Mipu1 over-expression inhibited H2O2-induced apoptosis and upregulation of Fas induced by H2O2 in H9c2 myogenic cells; and knockdown of Mipu1 by RNAi promoted apoptosis and upregulation of Fas induced by H2O2. The chromatin immunoprecipition and reporter assays showed the DNA binding and transcription suppressor activities of Mipu1 to Fas promoter region. These results indicate that Mipu1 protected H9c2 myogenic cells from H2O2-induced apoptosis through inhibiting the expression of Fas.
    Document Type:
    Reference
    Product Catalog Number:
    17-371
    Product Catalog Name:
    EZ-ChIP™

  • Streptococcus pneumoniae secretes hydrogen peroxide leading to DNA damage and apoptosis in lung cells. 26080406

    Streptococcus pneumoniae is a leading cause of pneumonia and one of the most common causes of death globally. The impact of S. pneumoniae on host molecular processes that lead to detrimental pulmonary consequences is not fully understood. Here, we show that S. pneumoniae induces toxic DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) in human alveolar epithelial cells, as indicated by ataxia telangiectasia mutated kinase (ATM)-dependent phosphorylation of histone H2AX and colocalization with p53-binding protein (53BP1). Furthermore, results show that DNA damage occurs in a bacterial contact-independent fashion and that Streptococcus pyruvate oxidase (SpxB), which enables synthesis of H2O2, plays a critical role in inducing DSBs. The extent of DNA damage correlates with the extent of apoptosis, and DNA damage precedes apoptosis, which is consistent with the time required for execution of apoptosis. Furthermore, addition of catalase, which neutralizes H2O2, greatly suppresses S. pneumoniae-induced DNA damage and apoptosis. Importantly, S. pneumoniae induces DSBs in the lungs of animals with acute pneumonia, and H2O2 production by S. pneumoniae in vivo contributes to its genotoxicity and virulence. One of the major DSBs repair pathways is nonhomologous end joining for which Ku70/80 is essential for repair. We find that deficiency of Ku80 causes an increase in the levels of DSBs and apoptosis, underscoring the importance of DNA repair in preventing S. pneumoniae-induced genotoxicity. Taken together, this study shows that S. pneumoniae-induced damage to the host cell genome exacerbates its toxicity and pathogenesis, making DNA repair a potentially important susceptibility factor in people who suffer from pneumonia.
    Document Type:
    Reference
    Product Catalog Number:
    05-636
    Product Catalog Name:
    Anti-phospho-Histone H2A.X (Ser139) Antibody, clone JBW301

  • Astaxanthin protects steroidogenesis from hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress in mouse Leydig cells. 25786065

    Androgens, especially testosterone produced in Leydig cells, play an essential role in development of the male reproductive phenotype and fertility. However, testicular oxidative stress may cause a decline in testosterone production. Many antioxidants have been used as reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavengers to eliminate oxidative stress to protect steroidogenesis. Astaxanthin (AST), a natural extract from algae and plants ubiquitous in the marine environment, has been shown to have antioxidant activity in many previous studies. In this study, we treated primary mouse Leydig cells or MA-10 cells with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to cause oxidative stress. Testosterone and progesterone production was suppressed and the expression of the mature (30 kDa) form of StAR protein was down-regulated in MA-10 cells by H2O2 and cAMP co-treatment. However, progesterone production and expression of mature StAR protein were restored in MA-10 cells by a one-hour pretreatment with AST. AST also reduced ROS levels in cells so that they were lower than the levels in untreated controls. These results provide additional evidence of the potential health benefits of AST as a potential food additive to ease oxidative stress.
    Document Type:
    Reference
    Product Catalog Number:
    MAB1501
    Product Catalog Name:
    Anti-Actin Antibody, clone C4

  • Epidermal growth factor receptor-dependent and -independent pathways in hydrogen peroxide-induced mitogen-activated protein kinase activation in cardiomyocytes and heart ... 15574683

    Mild doses of oxidative stress in the heart correlate with the induction of apoptosis or hypertrophy in cardiomyocytes (CMCs) and fibrosis or proliferation of fibroblasts. Three branches of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), i.e., c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs), extracellular signal-related kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2), and p38, are activated by oxidants in a variety of cell types, including CMCs. However, the initiation process of these signaling pathways remains unsolved. We explored the role of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor in H(2)O(2)-induced MAPK activation using two different cell types from the same organ: CMCs and heart fibroblasts (HFs). Pretreatment of each cell type with EGF revealed differences in how CMCs and HFs responded to subsequent treatment with H(2)O(2): in CMCs, the second treatment resulted in little further activation of JNKs and ERK1/2, whereas HFs retained the full response of JNKs and ERK1/2 activation by H(2)O(2) regardless of EGF pretreatment. AG-1478 [4-(3'-chloroanilino)-6,7-dimethoxy-quinazoline], a pharmacologic inhibitor of the EGF receptor tyrosine kinase, inhibited JNK and ERK1/2 activations but not p38 in both cell types. The data using the Src inhibitor PP2 [4-amino-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-7-(t-butyl)pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine] resemble those found when using AG-1478 in either cell type. Pharmacologic inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) further illustrated the difference between the two cell types. In HFs, MMP inhibitors GM6001 [N-[(2R)-2-(hydroxamidocarbonylmethyl)-4-methylpentanoyl]-l-tryptophan methylamide] and BB2516 [[2S-[N4(R(*)),2R(*),3S(*)]]-N4-[2,2-dimethyl-1-[(methylamino)carbonyl]propyl]-N1,2-dihydroxy-3-(2-methylpropyl)butanediamide, marimastat] inhibited JNKs and ERK1/2 activation without affecting p38 activation by H(2)O(2) inhibitors. In contrast, these MMP failed to significantly inhibit the activation of JNKs, ERKs, or p38 in CMCs. These data suggest the complexity of the cell type-dependent signaling web initiated by oxidants in the heart.
    Document Type:
    Reference
    Product Catalog Number:
    06-248
    Product Catalog Name:
    Anti-IRS1 Antibody