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  • Derivation of transgene-free human induced pluripotent stem cells from human peripheral T cells in defined culture conditions. 24824994

    Recently, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) were established as promising cell sources for revolutionary regenerative therapies. The initial culture system used for iPSC generation needed fetal calf serum in the culture medium and mouse embryonic fibroblast as a feeder layer, both of which could possibly transfer unknown exogenous antigens and pathogens into the iPSC population. Therefore, the development of culture systems designed to minimize such potential risks has become increasingly vital for future applications of iPSCs for clinical use. On another front, although donor cell types for generating iPSCs are wide-ranging, T cells have attracted attention as unique cell sources for iPSCs generation because T cell-derived iPSCs (TiPSCs) have a unique monoclonal T cell receptor genomic rearrangement that enables their differentiation into antigen-specific T cells, which can be applied to novel immunotherapies. In the present study, we generated transgene-free human TiPSCs using a combination of activated human T cells and Sendai virus under defined culture conditions. These TiPSCs expressed pluripotent markers by quantitative PCR and immunostaining, had a normal karyotype, and were capable of differentiating into cells from all three germ layers. This method of TiPSCs generation is more suitable for the therapeutic application of iPSC technology because it lowers the risks associated with the presence of undefined, animal-derived feeder cells and serum. Therefore this work will lead to establishment of safer iPSCs and extended clinical application.
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  • Human oocytes reprogram adult somatic nuclei of a type 1 diabetic to diploid pluripotent stem cells. 24776804

    The transfer of somatic cell nuclei into oocytes can give rise to pluripotent stem cells that are consistently equivalent to embryonic stem cells, holding promise for autologous cell replacement therapy. Although methods to induce pluripotent stem cells from somatic cells by transcription factors are widely used in basic research, numerous differences between induced pluripotent stem cells and embryonic stem cells have been reported, potentially affecting their clinical use. Because of the therapeutic potential of diploid embryonic stem-cell lines derived from adult cells of diseased human subjects, we have systematically investigated the parameters affecting efficiency of blastocyst development and stem-cell derivation. Here we show that improvements to the oocyte activation protocol, including the use of both kinase and translation inhibitors, and cell culture in the presence of histone deacetylase inhibitors, promote development to the blastocyst stage. Developmental efficiency varied between oocyte donors, and was inversely related to the number of days of hormonal stimulation required for oocyte maturation, whereas the daily dose of gonadotropin or the total number of metaphase II oocytes retrieved did not affect developmental outcome. Because the use of concentrated Sendai virus for cell fusion induced an increase in intracellular calcium concentration, causing premature oocyte activation, we used diluted Sendai virus in calcium-free medium. Using this modified nuclear transfer protocol, we derived diploid pluripotent stem-cell lines from somatic cells of a newborn and, for the first time, an adult, a female with type 1 diabetes.
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  • Variability in the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells: importance for disease modeling. 23197870

    In the field of disease modeling, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have become an appealing choice, especially for diseases that do not have an animal model. They can be generated from patients with known clinical features and compared with cells from healthy controls to identify the biological bases of disease. This study was undertaken to determine the variability in iPSC lines derived from different individuals, with the aim of determining criteria for selecting iPSC lines for disease models. We generated and characterized 18 iPSC lines from eight donors and considered variability at three levels: (a) variability in the criteria that define iPSC lines as pluripotent cells, (b) variability in cell lines from different donors, and (c) variability in cell lines from the same donor. We found that variability in transgene expression and pluripotency marker levels did not prevent iPSCs from fulfilling all other criteria for pluripotency, including teratoma formation. We found low interindividual and interclonal variability in iPSCs that fulfilled the most stringent criteria for pluripotency, with very high correlation in their gene expression profiles. Interestingly, some cell lines exhibited reprogramming instability, spontaneously regressing from a fully to a partially reprogrammed state. This was associated with a low percentage of cells expressing the pluripotency marker stage-specific embryonic antigen-4. Our study shows that it is possible to define a similar "ground state" for each cell line as the basis for making patient versus control comparisons, an essential step in order to identify disease-associated variability above individual and cell line variability.
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  • Scalable passaging of adherent human pluripotent stem cells. 24498239

    Current laboratory methods used to passage adherent human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) are labor intensive, result in reduced cell viability and are incompatible with larger scale production necessary for many clinical applications. To meet the current demand for hPSCs, we have developed a new non-enzymatic passaging method using sodium citrate. Sodium citrate, formulated as a hypertonic solution, gently and efficiently detaches adherent cultures of hPSCs as small multicellular aggregates with minimal manual intervention. These multicellular aggregates are easily and reproducibly recovered in calcium-containing medium, retain a high post-detachment cell viability of 97%±1% and readily attach to fresh substrates. Together, this significantly reduces the time required to expand hPSCs as high quality adherent cultures. Cells subcultured for 25 passages using this novel sodium citrate passaging solution exhibit characteristic hPSC morphology, high levels (greater than 80%) of pluripotency markers OCT4, SSEA-4, TRA-1-60 andTRA-1-81, a normal G-banded karyotype and the ability to differentiate into cells representing all three germ layers, both in vivo and in vitro.
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  • Expression of pluripotent stem cell markers in the human fetal ovary. 18203707

    Human primordial germ cells (PGCs) can give rise to pluripotent stem cells such as embryonal carcinoma cells (ECCs) and embryonic germ cells (EGCs).In order to determine whether PGCs express markers associated with pluripotency in EGCs and ECCs, the following study cross examines the expression patterns of multiple pluripotent markers in the human fetal ovary, 5.5-15 weeks post-fertilizaton (pF) and relates this expression with the ability to derive pluripotent EGCs in vitro.Specific subpopulations were identified which included OCT4(+)/Nanog(+)/cKIT(+)/VASA(+) PGCs and oogonia. Interestingly, these cells also expressed SSEA1 and alkaline phosphatase (AP) and SSEA4 expression occurred throughout the entire gonad. Isolation of SSEA1(+) cells from the gonad resulted in AP(+) EGC colony formation. The number of OCT4(+) or Nanog(+) expressing cells peaked by week 8 and then diminished after week 9 pF, as oogonia enter meiosis. In addition, the efficiency of EGC derivation was associated with the number of OCT4(+) cells. TRA-1-60 and TRA-1-81 were only detected in the lining of the mesonephric ducts and occasionally in the gonad.These results demonstrate that PGCs, a unipotent cell, express most, but not all, of the markers associated with pluripotent cells in the human fetal ovary.
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  • An effective freezing/thawing method for human pluripotent stem cells cultured in chemically-defined and feeder-free conditions. 25973330

    Culturing human Pluripotent Stem Cells (hPSC)s in chemically defined medium and feeder-free condition can facilitate metabolome and proteome analysis of culturing cells and medium, and reduce regulatory concerns for clinical application of cells. And in addition, if hPSC are passaged and cryopreserved in single cells it also facilitates quality control of cells at single cell level. Here we report a robust single cell freezing and thawing method of hPSCs cultured in chemically-defined medium TeSR(TM)-E8(TM) and on cost-effective recombinant human Vitronectin-N (rhVTN-N)-coated dish. Cells are dissociated into single cells with recombinant TrypLE(TM) Select and 0.5 mM EDTA/PBS (3:1 solution) in the presence of Rock inhibitor and cryopreserved with chemically defined CryoStem(TM). Approximately 60% of cells were viable after dissociation. Aggrewell(TM) 400 was used to form cell clumps of 500 cells after thaw in the presence of Rock inhibitor and cells were cultured for two days with TeSR-E8. Cells clumps were then seeded on rhVTN-N-coated dish and cultured with TeSR-E8 for two days prior to the first passage after thawing. Number of viable cells at the first passage increased around 10 times of that just before freezing. This robust single cell freezing method for hPSCs cultured in chemically defined medium will facilitate quality control of cultured cells at single cell level before cryopreservation and consequently assure the quality of cells in frozen vials for further manipulation after thawing.
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  • Identification of stem cell marker-positive cells by immunofluorescence in term human amnion. 17493686

    The placenta contains different populations of stem/progenitor cells such as mesenchymal, hematopoietic, trophoblastic and pluripotent stem cells. Although some tissue-specific stem cells are restricted to particular parts of the placenta, the localization of embryonic stem cell-like cells in term human placenta has not been determined. We have used immunofluorescence staining techniques with antibodies to pluripotent stem cell antigens, SSEA-3, SSEA-4, TRA 1-60 and TRA 1-81, and confocal microscopic analysis to identify and localize stem cells within the placenta. Stem cell marker-positive cells were found in amnion but not in choriodecidua, tissues known to contain hematopoietic and trophoblastic stem cells. Amniotic mesenchymal cells did not react with these pluripotent stem cell markers, while all amniotic epithelial cells reacted with at least one antibody. The TRA 1-60 and TRA 1-81 positive cells were solitary and present throughout the surface of amniotic membrane without a specific pattern of distribution, whereas SSEA-3 was negative and SSEA-4 was weakly positive on all amniotic epithelial cells. These data suggest that the human amnion contains stem cell-like cells at different states of differentiation. Human term amnion may be useful source of pluripotent stem cells for regenerative medicine.
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  • Stem cell characteristics of amniotic epithelial cells. 16081662

    Amniotic epithelial cells develop from the epiblast by 8 days after fertilization and before gastrulation, opening the possibility that they might maintain the plasticity of pregastrulation embryo cells. Here we show that amniotic epithelial cells isolated from human term placenta express surface markers normally present on embryonic stem and germ cells. In addition, amniotic epithelial cells express the pluripotent stem cell-specific transcription factors octamer-binding protein 4 (Oct-4) and nanog. Under certain culture conditions, amniotic epithelial cells form spheroid structures that retain stem cell characteristics. Amniotic epithelial cells do not require other cell-derived feeder layers to maintain Oct-4 expression, do not express telomerase, and are nontumorigenic upon transplantation. Based on immunohistochemical and genetic analysis, amniotic epithelial cells have the potential to differentiate to all three germ layers--endoderm (liver, pancreas), mesoderm (cardiomyocyte), and ectoderm (neural cells) in vitro. Amnion derived from term placenta after live birth may be a useful and noncontroversial source of stem cells for cell transplantation and regenerative medicine.
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