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  • Nociceptin/orphanin FQ peptide in hypothalamic neurones associated with the control of feeding behaviour. 20025627

    Nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ), an endogenous peptide agonist of the opioid N/OFQ receptor, has been implicated in the regulation of energy balance. In the present study, we have used immunohistochemistry to investigate the cellular localisation and colocalisation of N/OFQ-immunoreactive cell bodies in hypothalamic regions containing neurones producing orexigenic or anorexigenic transmitters. In colchicine-treated rats, N/OFQ immunoreactivity was demonstrated in many cell bodies of the arcuate nucleus (Arc), paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and lateral hypothalamic area (LHA). Double-labelling revealed that N/OFQ was present in some neurones located in the ventrolateral part of the Arc producing pro-opiomelanocortin, as shown by the presence of the anorexigenic peptides alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript and, occasionally, in single neurones of the ventrolateral Arc producing orexigenic agouti-related peptide, but not neuropeptide Y. N/OFQ immunoreactivity was also demonstrated in a few tyrosine hydroxylase- or dynorphin (DYN)-containing neurones in the dorsomedial part of the Arc. In the parvocellular PVN, N/OFQ was demonstrated in some thyrotrophin-releasing hormone- or DYN-, but not corticotrophin-releasing hormone-containing neurones. Most N/OFQ-immunoreactive neurones in the LHA contained orexin- and DYN, but not melanin-concentrating hormone. The results obtained, demonstrating the presence of N/OFQ in some alpha-MSH- and in many orexin-containing neurones, suggest a functional relationship between these neuropeptides and N/OFQ in the control of feeding behaviour and body weight.
    Document Type:
    Reference
    Product Catalog Number:
    AB5087
    Product Catalog Name:
    Anti-Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone α Antibody

  • Nociceptin effect on intestinal motility depends on opioid-receptor like-1 receptors and nitric oxide synthase co-localization. 26261735

    To study the effect of the opioid-receptor like-1 (ORL1) agonist nociceptin on gastrointestinal (GI) myenteric neurotransmission and motility.Reverse transcriptase - polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry were used to localize nociceptin and ORL1 in mouse tissues. Intracellular electrophysiological recordings of excitatory and inhibitory junction potentials (EJP, IJP) were made in a chambered organ bath. Intestinal motility was measured in vivo.Nociceptin accelerated whole and upper GI transit, but slowed colonic expulsion in vivo in an ORL1-dependent manner, as shown using [Nphe(1)]NOC and AS ODN pretreatment. ORL1 and nociceptin immunoreactivity were found on enteric neurons. Nociceptin reduced the EJP and the nitric oxide-sensitive slow IJP in an ORL1-dependent manner, whereas the fast IJP was unchanged. Nociceptin further reduced the spatial spreading of the EJP up to 2 cm.Compounds acting at ORL1 are good candidates for the future treatment of disorders associated with increased colonic transit, such as diarrhea or diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome.
    Document Type:
    Reference
    Product Catalog Number:
    AB5898
    Product Catalog Name:
    Anti-Protein Gene Product 9.5 Antibody

  • Human neutrophils as a source of nociceptin: a novel link between pain and inflammation. 12950177

    Nociceptin is a neuropeptide sharing sequence homology with classical opioid peptides but with a distinct pharmacological profile. Through activation of its receptor, NociR, nociceptin has been linked with several physiological functions in the central nervous system including memory, locomotion, and processing of pain signals. Recently, peripheral blood neutrophils (PMNs) were demonstrated to express a functional NociR, a result suggesting that additional functions of the neuropeptide remain to be elucidated. The present study investigated the possibility that PMNs may be a source of nociceptin and whether the neuropeptide elicits PMN early responses. We observed the presence of nociceptin in the synovial fluids from arthritic patients, an inflammatory milieu typically containing high numbers of PMNs. In addition, freshly isolated PMNs were found to express and secrete nociceptin following degranulation, identifying these inflammatory cells as a novel source of the neuropeptide. Incubation of PMNs with nociceptin elicited a specific pattern of cellular protein phosphorylation on tyrosine residues in a rapid and transient fashion. Moreover, nociceptin prevented intracellular accumulation of cAMP in fMLP-stimulated PMNs, an effect mimicked by the specific NociR synthetic agonist, Ro 64-6198. Taken together, these results show that nociceptin/NociR is present and functional in human neutrophils, and the results identify a novel dialogue pathway between neural and immune tissues.
    Document Type:
    Reference
    Product Catalog Number:
    05-321
    Product Catalog Name:
    Anti-Phosphotyrosine Antibody, clone 4G10®

  • Reduced degeneration of dopaminergic terminals and accentuated astrocyte activation by high dose methamphetamine administration in nociceptin receptor knock out mice. 20025929

    A major pathology of methamphetamine abuse is loss of dopaminergic function due to destruction of dopaminergic terminals, especially in the striatum. This process is accompanied by gliosis by astrocytes and microglia. Here, we evaluated the function of endogenous nociceptin/orphanin FQ in these events using nociceptin receptor (NOP) knockout mice. Wild-type and knockout mice were injected systemically either saline vehicle or 5mg/kg methamphetamine four times interspersed by 2h intervals. Three days later, brains were immunohistochemically processed to visualize methamphetamine-induced loss of tyrosine hydroxylase (as a marker of damage to dopamine terminals), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP, as a marker of astrocytes), and ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (lba-1, as a marker of microglia) in the striatum. Methamphetamine treatment induced an approximately 80% loss of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactivity, and this effect was mildly attenuated in NOP receptor knockout mice. There was a large increase (approximately 15-fold) in GFAP-immunoreactivity in methamphetamine-treated wild-type mice, which was almost two times larger still in NOP receptor knockout mice. In contrast, Iba-1 immunostaining was only modestly increased (approximately 30%) by methamphetamine treatment, and there were no difference between genotypes. Finally, there were no genotype-dependent differences in hyperthermic responses to methamphetamine. These results indicate that endogenous nociceptin/orphanin FQ exacerbates the neurotoxic effects of methamphetamine on striatal dopamine neurons, and suggests this is due in part to an astrocyte-mediated event.
    Document Type:
    Reference
    Product Catalog Number:
    AB5804
    Product Catalog Name:
    Anti-Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP) Antibody

  • Dissociated histaminergic neuron cultures from the tuberomammillary nucleus of rats: culture methods and ghrelin effects. 14706715

    The tuberomammillary nucleus (TMN) in the hypothalamus is the sole source of histamine in the brain. This nucleus, by innervating various brain regions, plays an important role for vital functions such as arousal and appetite. We have developed dissociated primary histaminergic neuron cultures from TMN of postnatal (3 and 10-day-old) rats. More than 50% of our cultured neurons from the TMN were histaminergic as revealed by adenosine deaminase (AD) as well as histamine immunocytochemistry. Among large neurons (diameter, >22 microm), more than 88% were histaminergic. Such large neurons (mean diameter, 26.5 microm) were used for electrophysiology. Using about 2-month-old TMN cultures, we investigated the effects of ghrelin, a recently discovered appetite-stimulating endogenous peptide. In GTPgammaS-loaded neurons, ghrelin (3 microM) suppressed currents that had previously been activated by an inhibitory neuropeptide, nociceptin. The mean current suppression by ghrelin was 471+/-128 pA (S.E.M., n=7). The I-V relationship revealed that the ghrelin-suppressed current was inwardly rectifying with a reversal potential around E(K). These results suggest that ghrelin inhibits G protein-coupled inward rectifier K+ channels (Kir3, GIRK) of TMN neurons and that our TMN cultures are useful for investigating physiological properties of brain histaminergic neurons.
    Document Type:
    Reference
    Product Catalog Number:
    AB5885

  • Ecto-5'-nucleotidase (CD73) inhibits nociception by hydrolyzing AMP to adenosine in nociceptive circuits. 20147550

    Ecto-5'-nucleotidase (NT5E, CD73) is a membrane-anchored protein that hydrolyzes extracellular adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP) to adenosine in diverse tissues but has not been directly studied in nociceptive neurons. We found that NT5E was located on peptidergic and nonpeptidergic nociceptive neurons in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and on axon terminals in lamina II (the substantia gelatinosa) of spinal cord. NT5E was also located on epidermal keratinocytes, cells of the dermis, and on nociceptive axon terminals in the epidermis. Following nerve injury, NT5E protein and AMP histochemical staining were coordinately reduced in lamina II. In addition, AMP hydrolytic activity was reduced in DRG neurons and spinal cord of Nt5e(-/-) mice. The antinociceptive effects of AMP, when combined with the adenosine kinase inhibitor 5-iodotubericidin, were reduced by approximately 50% in Nt5e(-/-) mice and were eliminated in Adenosine A(1) receptor (A(1)R, Adora1) knock-out mice. Additionally, Nt5e(-/-) mice displayed enhanced sensitivity in the tail immersion assay, in the complete Freund's adjuvant model of inflammatory pain and in the spared nerve injury model of neuropathic pain. Collectively, our data indicate that the ectonucleotidase NT5E regulates nociception by hydrolyzing AMP to adenosine in nociceptive circuits and represents a new molecular target for the treatment of chronic pain. Moreover, our data suggest NT5E is well localized to regulate nucleotide signaling between skin cells and sensory axons.
    Document Type:
    Reference
    Product Catalog Number:
    GF030

  • Optoactivation of locus ceruleus neurons evokes bidirectional changes in thermal nociception in rats. 24647936

    Pontospinal noradrenergic neurons are thought to form part of a descending endogenous analgesic system that exerts inhibitory influences on spinal nociception. Using optogenetic targeting, we tested the hypothesis that excitation of the locus ceruleus (LC) is antinociceptive. We transduced rat LC neurons by direct injection of a lentiviral vector expressing channelrhodopsin2 under the control of the PRS promoter. Subsequent optoactivation of the LC evoked repeatable, robust, antinociceptive (+4.7°C ± 1.0, p less than 0.0001) or pronociceptive (-4.4°C ± 0.7, p less than 0.0001) changes in hindpaw thermal withdrawal thresholds. Post hoc anatomical characterization of the distribution of transduced somata referenced against the position of the optical fiber and subsequent further functional analysis showed that antinociceptive actions were evoked from a distinct, ventral subpopulation of LC neurons. Therefore, the LC is capable of exerting potent, discrete, bidirectional influences on thermal nociception that are produced by specific subpopulations of noradrenergic neurons. This reflects an underlying functional heterogeneity of the influence of the LC on the processing of nociceptive information.
    Document Type:
    Reference
    Product Catalog Number:
    MAB308
    Product Catalog Name:
    Anti-Dopamine β Hydroxylase Antibody, clone 4F10.2

  • Identification of the Na+/H+ exchanger 1 in dorsal root ganglion and spinal cord: its possible role in inflammatory nociception. 19248819

    mRNA and protein presence of Na+/H+ exchanger (NHE) 1 (NHE1) and 5 (NHE5) in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and dorsal spinal cord as well as its possible role in three inflammatory nociception tests were determined. Local peripheral ipsilateral, but not contralateral, administration of NHE inhibitors 5-(N,N-dimethyl)amiloride hydrochloride (DMA, 0.3-30 microM/paw), 5-(N-ethyl-N-isopropyl)amiloride (EIPA, 0.3-30 microM/paw) and amiloride (0.1-10 microM/paw) significantly increased flinching but not licking behavior in the capsaicin and 5-HT tests. Moreover, DMA and EIPA (0.03-30 microM/paw) as well as amiloride (0.1-1 microM/paw) augmented, in a dose-dependent manner, 0.5% formalin-induced flinching behavior during phase II but not during phase I. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction showed the expression of NHE1 and NHE5 in DRG and dorsal spinal cord. Western blot analysis confirmed the presence of NHE1 in DRG and spinal cord. Moreover, NHE5 was expressed in dorsal spinal cord, but not in DRG where a 45 kDa truncated isoform of NHE5 was identified. Collectively, these data suggest that NHE1, but not NHE5, plays an important role reducing inflammatory pain in rats.
    Document Type:
    Reference
    Product Catalog Number:
    AG345
    Product Catalog Name:
    Na+/H+ Exchanger-1, Control Peptide for AB3081/AB3082

  • Abnormal development of the locus coeruleus in Ear2(Nr2f6)-deficient mice impairs the functionality of the forebrain clock and affects nociception. 15741322

    The orphan nuclear receptor Ear2 (Nr2f6) is transiently expressed in the rostral part of the rhombic lip in which the locus coeruleus (LC) arises. LC development, regulated by a signaling cascade (Mash1 --greater than Phox2b --greater than Phox2a), is disrupted in Ear2-/- embryos as revealed by an approximately threefold reduction in the number of Phox2a- and Phox2b-expressing LC progenitor cells. Mash1 expression in the rhombic lip, however, is unaffected, placing Ear2 in between Mash1 and Phox2a/b. Dopamine-beta-hydroxylase and tyrosine hydroxylase staining demonstrate that greater than 70% of LC neurons are absent in the adult with agenesis affecting primarily the dorsal division of the LC. Normally, this division projects noradrenergic efferents to the cortex that appear to be diminished in Ear2-/- since the cortical concentration of noradrenaline is four times lower in these mice. The rostral region of the cortex is known to contain a circadian pacemaker regulating adaptability to light- and restricted food-driven entrainment. In situ hybridization establishes that the circadian expression pattern of the clock gene Period1 is abolished in the Ear2-/- forebrain. Behavioral experiments reveal that Ear2 mutants have a delayed entrainment to shifted light-dark cycles and adapt less efficiently to daytime feeding schedules. We propose that neurons in the dorsal division of LC contribute to the regulation of the forebrain clock, at least in part, through targeted release of noradrenaline into the cortical area.
    Document Type:
    Reference
    Product Catalog Number:
    AB152
    Product Catalog Name:
    Anti-Tyrosine Hydroxylase Antibody