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  • Cellular specificity of the blood-CSF barrier for albumin transfer across the choroid plexus epithelium. 25211495

    To maintain the precise internal milieu of the mammalian central nervous system, well-controlled transfer of molecules from periphery into brain is required. Recently the soluble and cell-surface albumin-binding glycoprotein SPARC (secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine) has been implicated in albumin transport into developing brain, however the exact mechanism remains unknown. We postulate that SPARC is a docking site for albumin, mediating its uptake and transfer by choroid plexus epithelial cells from blood into cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). We used in vivo physiological measurements of transfer of endogenous (mouse) and exogenous (human) albumins, in situ Proximity Ligation Assay (in situ PLA), and qRT-PCR experiments to examine the cellular mechanism mediating protein transfer across the blood-CSF interface. We report that at all developmental stages mouse albumin and SPARC gave positive signals with in situ PLAs in plasma, CSF and within individual plexus cells suggesting a possible molecular interaction. In contrast, in situ PLA experiments in brain sections from mice injected with human albumin showed positive signals for human albumin in the vascular compartment that were only rarely identifiable within choroid plexus cells and only at older ages. Concentrations of both endogenous mouse albumin and exogenous (intraperitoneally injected) human albumin were estimated in plasma and CSF and expressed as CSF/plasma concentration ratios. Human albumin was not transferred through the mouse blood-CSF barrier to the same extent as endogenous mouse albumin, confirming results from in situ PLA. During postnatal development Sparc gene expression was higher in early postnatal ages than in the adult and changed in response to altered levels of albumin in blood plasma in a differential and developmentally regulated manner. Here we propose a possible cellular route and mechanism by which albumin is transferred from blood into CSF across a sub-population of specialised choroid plexus epithelial cells.
    Document Type:
    Reference
    Product Catalog Number:
    AB1858
    Product Catalog Name:
    Anti-Osteonectin Antibody

  • Renal upregulation of HO-1 reduces albumin-driven MCP-1 production: implications for chronic kidney disease. 16968890

    Proteinuria contributes to chronic kidney disease by stimulating renal tubular epithelial cells to produce cytokines such as monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1). The present study determined whether cellular overexpression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) can influence albumin-stimulated MCP-1 production. In response to bovine serum albumin, NRK-52E cells constitutively overexpressing HO-1 (HO-1 OE cells) exhibit less induction of MCP-1 mRNA and less production of MCP-1 protein compared with similarly treated, control NRK-52E cells (CON cells). In wild-type NRK-52E cells, and under these conditions, we demonstrate that the induction of MCP-1 is critically dependent on intact NF-kappaB binding sites in the MCP-1 promoter. In response to albumin, CON cells exhibit activation of NF-kappaB, and this is reduced in HO-1 OE cells. Albumin also activates ERK1/2 and increases ERK activity, both of which are exaggerated in HO-1 OE cells. Studies with an inhibitor of MAPK/ERK kinase (U0126) demonstrate that the inhibitory effects of U0126 on MCP-1 production are attenuated in HO-1 OE cells. We conclude that HO-1 overexpression in the proximal tubule reduces MCP-1 production in response to albumin, and this occurs, at least in part, by inhibiting an ERK-dependent, NF-kappaB-dependent pathway at a site that is distal to the activation of ERK. These findings suggest that the induction of HO-1 in the proximal tubule, as occurs in chronic kidney disease, may be a countervailing response that reduces albumin-stimulated production of cytokines such as MCP-1.
    Document Type:
    Reference
    Product Catalog Number:
    06-255
    Product Catalog Name:
    Anti-JAK2 Antibody

  • Human serum albumin-thioredoxin fusion protein with long blood retention property is effective in suppressing lung injury. 21620911

    Thioredoxin (Trx) is a redox-active protein with anti-inflammatory effects but with a short half life of 1 h. Genetic fusion of Trx to human serum albumin (HSA) extended its half life without causing significant loss of its biological activities. HSA-Trx caused a decrease in the number of cells in brochoalveolar lavage fluid, the wet/dry ratio and the inflammation at the respiratory tract of the ovalbumin (OVA) induced lung injury model mouse. Three intraperitoneal doses of Trx alone produced the same extent of suppression of those three detrimental effects of OVA as one intravenous dose of HSA-Trx. Inhibition experiments confirmed that reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) involved in the progression of the injury. HSA-Trx inhibited the production of ROS as confirmed in the EPR experiment, but lung tissue staining suggested that induced nitrogen oxide synthase (iNOS) was not suppressed by the fusion protein. Instead, the production of nitrotyrosine, 8-nitro-cGMP, and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine downstream to the iNOS has been inhibited. This suggested that HSA-Trx produced lung protection effect via different mechanisms from Trx alone. HSA-Trx retains the biological properties of Trx thus has great potential in treating oxidative stress related diseases.
    Document Type:
    Reference
    Product Catalog Number:
    AB5411
    Product Catalog Name:
    Anti-Nitrotyrosine Antibody

  • Proximal tubule microvilli remodeling and albuminuria in the Ren2 transgenic rat. 17032939

    TG(mRen2)27 (Ren2) transgenic rats overexpress the mouse renin gene, with subsequent elevated tissue ANG II, hypertension, and nephropathy. The proximal tubule cell (PTC) is responsible for the reabsorption of 5-8 g of glomerular filtered albumin each day. Excess filtered albumin may contribute to PTC damage and tubulointerstitial disease. This investigation examined the role of ANG II-induced oxidative stress in PTC structural remodeling: whether such changes could be modified with in vivo treatment with ANG type 1 receptor (AT(1)R) blockade (valsartan) or SOD/catalase mimetic (tempol). Male Ren2 (6-7 wk old) and age-matched Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with valsartan (30 mg/kg), tempol (1 mmol/l), or placebo for 3 wk. Systolic blood pressure, albuminuria, N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase, and kidney tissue malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured, and x60,000 transmission electron microscopy images were used to assess PTC microvilli structure. There were significant differences in systolic blood pressure, albuminuria, lipid peroxidation (MDA and nitrotyrosine staining), and PTC structure in Ren2 vs. Sprague-Dawley rats (each P less than 0.05). Increased mean diameter of PTC microvilli in the placebo-treated Ren2 rats (P less than 0.05) correlated strongly with albuminuria (r(2) = 0.83) and moderately with MDA (r(2) = 0.49), and there was an increase in the ratio of abnormal forms of microvilli in placebo-treated Ren2 rats compared with Sprague-Dawley control rats (P less than 0.05). AT(1)R blockade, but not tempol treatment, abrogated albuminuria and N-acetyl-beta-d-glucosaminidase; both therapies corrected abnormalities in oxidative stress and PTC microvilli remodeling. These data indicate that PTC structural damage in the Ren2 rat is related to the oxidative stress response to ANG II and/or albuminuria.
    Document Type:
    Reference
    Product Catalog Number:
    AB5411
    Product Catalog Name:
    Anti-Nitrotyrosine Antibody

  • Long-acting human serum albumin-thioredoxin fusion protein suppresses bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis progression. 23442250

    Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is thought to involve inflammatory cells and reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as superoxide anion radical (O2(·-)). There is currently no effective treatment of IPF. We previously developed a human serum albumin (HSA)-thioredoxin 1 (Trx) fusion protein (HSA-Trx) designed to overcome the unfavorable pharmacokinetic and short pharmacological properties of Trx, an antioxidative and anti-inflammatory protein. In this study, we examined the therapeutic effect of HSA-Trx on an IPF animal model of bleomycin (BLM)-induced pulmonary fibrosis. A pharmacokinetic study of HSA-Trx or Trx in BLM mice showed that the plasma retention and lung distribution of Trxc was markedly improved by fusion with HSA. A weekly intravenous administration of HSA-Trx, but not Trx, ameliorated BLM-induced fibrosis, as evidenced by a histopathological analysis and pulmonary hydroxyproline levels. HSA-Trx suppressed active-transforming growth factor (TGF)-β levels in the lung and inhibited the increase of inflammatory cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, pulmonary inflammatory cytokines, and oxidative stress markers. An in vitro EPR experiment using phosphate-buffered saline-stimulated neutrophils confirmed the O2(·-) scavenging ability of HSA-Trx. Furthermore, post-treatment of HSA-Trx had a suppressive effect against BLM-induced fibrosis. These results suggest that HSA-Trx has potential as a novel therapeutic agent for IPF, because of its long-acting antioxidative and anti-inflammatory modulation effects.
    Document Type:
    Reference
    Product Catalog Number:
    AB5411
    Product Catalog Name:
    Anti-Nitrotyrosine Antibody

  • Therapeutic impact of human serum albumin-thioredoxin fusion protein on influenza virus-induced lung injury mice. 25414704

    Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are the primary pathogenic molecules produced in viral lung infections. We previously reported on the use of a recombinant human serum albumin (HSA)-thioredoxin 1 (Trx) fusion protein (HSA-Trx) for extending the half-life Trx, an endogenous protein with anti-oxidant properties. As a result, it was possible to overcome the unfavorable pharmacokinetic and short pharmacological properties of Trx. We hypothesized that HSA-Trx would attenuate the enhanced ROS production of species such as hydroxyl radicals by neutrophils during an influenza viral infection. The levels of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine and 3-nitrotyrosine were used as indices of the anti-oxidant activity of HSA-Trx. In addition, the cytoprotective effects of HSA-Trx were examined in PR8 (H1N1) influenza virus-induced lung injured mice. The findings show that HSA-Trx reduced the number of total cells, neutrophils, and total protein in BALF of influenza virus-induced lung injured mice. The HSA-Trx treatment significantly decreased the level of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine and 3-nitrotyrosine, but failed to inhibit inducible nitric oxide synthase expression, in the lungs of the virus-infected mice. On the other hand, Tamiflu(®) treatment also significantly suppressed the production of inflammatory cells and neutrophil infiltration, as well as the protein level in BALF and lung histopathological alterations caused by the influenza virus. The suppressive effect of Tamiflu(®) was slightly stronger than that of HSA-Trx. Interestingly, Tamiflu(®) significantly decreased virus proliferation, while HSA-Trx had no effect. These results indicate that HSA-Trx may be of therapeutic value for the treatment of various acute inflammatory disorders such as influenza-virus-induced pneumonia, by inhibiting inflammatory-cell responses and suppressing the overproduction of NO in the lung.
    Document Type:
    Reference
    Product Catalog Number:
    AB5411
    Product Catalog Name:
    Anti-Nitrotyrosine Antibody

  • Microglial AGE-albumin is critical in promoting alcohol-induced neurodegeneration in rats and humans. 25140518

    Alcohol is a neurotoxic agent, since long-term heavy ingestion of alcohol can cause various neural diseases including fetal alcohol syndrome, cerebellar degeneracy and alcoholic dementia. However, the molecular mechanisms of alcohol-induced neurotoxicity are still poorly understood despite numerous studies. Thus, we hypothesized that activated microglial cells with elevated AGE-albumin levels play an important role in promoting alcohol-induced neurodegeneration. Our results revealed that microglial activation and neuronal damage were found in the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex following alcohol treatment in a rat model. Increased AGE-albumin synthesis and secretion were also observed in activated microglial cells after alcohol exposure. The expressed levels of receptor for AGE (RAGE)-positive neurons and RAGE-dependent neuronal death were markedly elevated by AGE-albumin through the mitogen activated protein kinase pathway. Treatment with soluble RAGE or AGE inhibitors significantly diminished neuronal damage in the animal model. Furthermore, the levels of activated microglial cells, AGE-albumin and neuronal loss were significantly elevated in human brains from alcoholic indivisuals compared to normal controls. Taken together, our data suggest that increased AGE-albumin from activated microglial cells induces neuronal death, and that efficient regulation of its synthesis and secretion is a therapeutic target for preventing alcohol-induced neurodegeneration.
    Document Type:
    Reference
    Product Catalog Number:
    CBL1512F
    Product Catalog Name:
    Anti-Integrin αM [CD11b] Antibody, clone OX-42, FITC conjugated

  • Blocking αVβ3 integrin ligand occupancy inhibits the progression of albuminuria in diabetic rats. 25389530

    This study determined if blocking ligand occupancy of the αVβ3 integrin could inhibit the pathophysiologic changes that occur in the early stages of diabetic nephropathy (DN). Diabetic rats were treated with either vehicle or a monoclonal antibody that binds the β3 subunit of the αVβ3 integrin. After 4 weeks of diabetes the urinary albumin to creatinine ratio (UACR) increased in both diabetic animals that subsequently received vehicle and in the animals that subsequently received the anti-β3 antibody compared with control nondiabetic rats. After 8 weeks of treatment the UACR continued to rise in the vehicle-treated rats; however it returned to levels comparable to control nondiabetic rats in rats treated with the anti-β3 antibody. Treatment with the antibody prevented the increase of several profibrotic proteins that have been implicated in the development of DN. Diabetes was associated with an increase in phosphorylation of the β3 subunit in kidney homogenates from diabetic animals, but this was prevented by the antibody treatment. This study demonstrates that, when administered after establishment of early pathophysiologic changes in renal function, the anti-β3 antibody reversed the effects of diabetes normalizing albuminuria and profibrotic proteins in the kidney to the levels observed in nondiabetic control animals.
    Document Type:
    Reference
    Product Catalog Number:
    AB1930
    Product Catalog Name:
    Anti-Integrin alphaV Antibody, CT, Intracellular