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  • Vanilloid receptor like 1 (VRL1) immunoreactivity in mammalian retina: colocalization with somatostatin and purinergic P2X1 receptors. 15174083

    The distribution of vanilloid receptor like1 immunoreactivity (VRL1-IR) in the retinas of rat, cat, and monkey was studied by single- and double-labeling immunocytochemistry. The patterns were similar for all three species in that VRL1-IR was most prominent in the inner plexiform layer, with scattered compact projections to the outer plexiform layer (OPL). VRL1-immunoreactive cell bodies were present throughout the rat retina, represented by amacrine cells in the inner nuclear layer and ganglion cell layer (GCL). In cat and monkey retinas, VRL1-immunoreactive cell bodies were restricted to the GCL in the inferior retina. Occasional cell bodies were associated with retinal blood vessels, but their identity as pericytes, glia, or neurons is uncertain. All VRL1-immunoreactive cells and processes colocalized with somatostatin and purinergic P2X1 receptor-IR but not with tyrosine hydroxylase-IR. VRL1-immunoreactive processes in the OPL did not label with antisera against synaptic vesicle 2 (SV2), suggesting that they were dendritic and did not derive from interplexiform cells. However, VRL1-immunoreactive processes in the far periphery toward the pars plana labeled for SV2, suggesting that these processes were presynaptic. The VRL1-immunoreactive cell bodies in the monkey GCL were not calbindin-immunoreactive, demonstrating that they were not displaced H2 horizontal cells. The VRL1-immunoreactive cells in cat and monkey could represent biplexiform and/or associational ganglion cells that receive input in the OPL throughout the retina and direct output to the far periphery. The presence of P2X1 receptors and vanilloid receptor like 1 protein on somatostatin-containing neurons in mammalian retina adds to the growing complexity regarding the chemical control of retinal function that is likely to include the microcirculation.
    Document Type:
    Reference
    Product Catalog Number:
    AB5398P
    Product Catalog Name:
    Anti-Vanilloid Receptor Like Protein Antibody, pain, CT

  • Transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 channel (TRPV1) immunolocalization in the murine enteric nervous system is affected by the targeted C-terminal epitope of th ... 23482327

    The expression of transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 channel (TRPV1) in the enteric nervous system is still the subject of debate. Although a number of studies have reported that TRPV1 is limited to extrinsic afferent fibers, other studies argue for an intrinsic expression of TRPV1. In the present study, reverse transcriptase PCR was employed to establish the expression of TRPV1 mRNA throughout the gastrointestinal tract. Using two antibodies directed against different epitopes of TRPV1, we were able to show at the protein level that the observed distribution pattern of TRPV1 is dependent on the antibody used in the immunohistochemical staining. A first antibody indeed mainly stained neuronal fibers, whereas a second antibody exclusively stained perikarya of enteric neurons throughout the mouse gastrointestinal tract. We argue that these different distribution patterns are due to the antibodies discriminating between different modulated forms of TRPV1 that influence the recognition of the targeted immunogen and as such distinguish intracellular from plasmalemmal forms of TRPV1. Our study is the first to directly compare these two antibodies within the same species and in identical conditions. Our observations underline that detailed knowledge of the epitope that is recognized by the antibodies employed in immunohistochemical procedures is a prerequisite for correctly interpreting experimental results.
    Document Type:
    Reference
    Product Catalog Number:
    Multiple
    Product Catalog Name:
    Multiple

  • Topography of the vanilloid receptor in the human bladder: more than just the nerve fibers. 12050559

    PURPOSE: We determined the presence and distribution of vanilloid receptor-1 in the human bladder and confirmed or rejected previous findings of other groups that used indirect methods or vanilloid receptor-1 antibodies made by immunizing experimental animals. Also, we tested the reproducibility of results using commercially available antibodies against the N-terminus and C-terminus of the vanilloid receptor. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 11 normal bladder tissue samples were obtained from cystectomy specimens and fresh frozen processed. Specimens were studied by immunohistochemistry and confocal laser microscopy using 3 vanilloid receptor-1 antibodies. Immunohistochemical co-localization studies for neurofilament, neuronal nitric oxide synthase and nerve growth factor were performed. RESULTS: Our results confirm the presence of vanilloid receptor-1 on nonmyelinated and myelinated nerve fibers. There was vanilloid receptor-1 immunoreactivity on smooth muscle cells but different sensitivities for the antibodies. There was immunoreactivity on interstitial cells located in the suburothelium and intermuscular septa of the muscularis. There was co-localization of neuronal nitric oxide synthase with interstitial cells but not with neurofilament. No co-localization was found for nerve growth factor and vanilloid receptor-1. CONCLUSIONS: Vanilloid receptor-1 is located on small unmyelinated and myelinated nerve fibers. In addition, vanilloid receptor-1 is also present on interstitial cells in the suburothelium. There is smooth muscle cell immunoreactivity but a difference in antibodies raised against the C-terminus and N-terminus. These data suggest that the current hypothesis about the mechanism of action of vanilloids is through blocking the afferent reflex arc must be revised and the function of interstitial cells deserves further attention.
    Document Type:
    Reference
    Product Catalog Number:
    Multiple
    Product Catalog Name:
    Multiple

  • The role of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 in mechanical and chemical visceral hyperalgesia following experimental colitis. 17719181

    The transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 receptor (TRPV1) is an important nociceptor involved in neurogenic inflammation. We aimed to examine the role of TRPV1 in experimental colitis and in the development of visceral hypersensitivity to mechanical and chemical stimulation. Male Sprague-Dawley rats received a single dose of trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) in the distal colon. In the preemptive group, rats received the TRPV1 receptor antagonist JYL1421 (10 mumol/kg, i.v.) or vehicle 15 min prior to TNBS followed by daily doses for 7 days. In the post-inflammation group, rats received JYL1421 daily for 7 days starting on day 7 following TNBS. The visceromotor response (VMR) to colorectal distension (CRD), intraluminal capsaicin, capsaicin vehicle (pH 6.7) or acidic saline (pH 5.0) was assessed in all groups and compared with controls and naïve rats. Colon inflammation was evaluated with H&E staining and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity. TRPV1 immunoreactivity was assessed in the thoraco-lumbar (TL) and lumbo-sacral (LS) dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons. In the preemptive vehicle group, TNBS resulted in a significant increase in the VMR to CRD, intraluminal capsaicin and acidic saline compared the JYL1421-treated group (P<0.05). Absence of microscopic colitis and significantly reduced MPO activity was also evident compared with vehicle-treated rats (P<0.05). TRPV1 immunoreactivity in the TL (69.1+/-4.6%) and LS (66.4+/-4.2%) DRG in vehicle-treated rats was increased following TNBS but significantly lower in the preemptive JYL1421-treated group (28.6+/-3.9 and 32.3+/-2.3 respectively, P<0.05). JYL1421 in the post-inflammation group improved microscopic colitis and significantly decreased the VMR to CRD compared with vehicle (P<0.05, >/=30 mm Hg) but had no effect on the VMR to chemical stimulation. TRPV1 immunoreactivity in the TL and LS DRG was no different from vehicle or naïve controls. These results suggest an important role for TRPV1 channel in the development of inflammation and subsequent mechanical and chemical visceral hyperalgesia.
    Document Type:
    Reference
    Product Catalog Number:
    AB5566
    Product Catalog Name:
    Anti-Capsaicin Receptor Antibody, CT