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  • Novel {gamma}-secretase inhibitors uncover a common nucleotide-binding site in JAK3, SIRT2, and PS1. 20237298

    gamma-Secretase is an intramembrane-cleaving protease responsible for the final proteolytic event in the production of the amyloid-beta peptides (Abeta) implicated in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Inhibition of gamma-secretase activity is thus an attractive therapeutic strategy to slow down the pathogenesis of AD. Drugs often target more than one biomolecule because of conserved 3-dimensional structures in prospective protein binding sites. We have capitalized on this phenomenon of nature to identify new gamma-secretase inhibitors. Here we show that 2-hydroxy naphthyl derivatives, a previously identified subclass of NAD(+) analog inhibitors of sirtuin 2 (SIRT2), are direct gamma-secretase inhibitors. Subsequent structure-activity relationship studies further showed that 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde is the minimal pharmacophore for gamma-secretase inhibition. In evaluating target protein determinants of inhibition, we identified a common GXG signature nucleotide-binding site (NBS) shared by the gamma-secretase subunit presenilin-1 C-terminal fragment (PS1-CTF), SIRT2, and Janus kinase 3 (JAK3). Because a detailed 3-dimensional structure of gamma-secretase is beyond our knowledge, we took advantage of the known crystal structure of human JAK3 to model the NBS of the PS1-CTF, which includes the catalytic residue D385. Our results suggest that the flexible PS1-CTF (381)LGLG(384) loop comprises a substrate-docking site capable of recognizing specifically different gamma-secretase substrates.-Wu, F., Schweizer, C., Rudinskiy, N., Taylor, D. M., Kazantsev, A., Luthi-Carter, R., Fraering, P. C. Novel gamma-secretase inhibitors uncover a common nucleotide-binding site in JAK3, SIRT2, and PS1.
    Tipo de documento:
    Referencia
    Referencia del producto:
    Múltiplo
    Nombre del producto:
    Múltiplo

  • Inhibition of Lipid Signaling Enzyme Diacylglycerol Kinase {epsilon} Attenuates Mutant Huntingtin Toxicity. 22511757

    Huntington disease (HD) is a dominantly inherited neurodegenerative disease caused by a polyglutamine expansion in the protein huntingtin (Htt). Striatal and cortical neuronal loss are prominent features of this disease. No disease-modifying treatments have been discovered for HD. To identify new therapeutic targets in HD, we screened a kinase inhibitor library for molecules that block mutant Htt cellular toxicity in a mouse HD striatal cell model, Hdh(111Q/111Q) cells. We found that diacylglycerol kinase (DGK) inhibitor II (R59949) decreased caspase-3/7 activity after serum withdrawal in striatal Hdh(111Q/111Q) cells. In addition, R59949 decreased the accumulation of a 513-amino acid N-terminal Htt fragment processed by caspase-3 and blocked alterations in lipid metabolism during serum withdrawal. To identify the diacylglycerol kinase mediating this effect, we knocked down all four DGK isoforms expressed in the brain (β, γ, ε, and ζ) using siRNA. Only the knockdown of the family member, DGKε, blocked striatal Hdh(111Q/111Q)-mediated toxicity. We also investigated the significance of these findings in vivo. First, we found that reduced function of the Drosophila DGKε homolog significantly improves Htt-induced motor dysfunction in a fly model of HD. In addition, we find that the levels of DGKε are increased in the striatum of R6/2 HD transgenic mice when compared with littermate controls. Together, these findings indicate that increased levels of kinase DGKε contribute to HD pathogenesis and suggest that reducing its levels or activity is a potential therapy for HD.
    Tipo de documento:
    Referencia
    Referencia del producto:
    MAB2166
    Nombre del producto:
    Anti-Huntingtin Protein Antibody, a.a. 181-810, clone 1HU-4C8

  • A modified enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay adapted for immunodetection of low amounts of water-insoluble proteins. 17706662

    A mixture of thiourea, urea and CHAPS (TUC) is an excellent solvent compatible with isoelectrofocusing (IEF) separation of water-insoluble protein extracts, and their subsequent two-dimensional gel electrophoresis is an important step in proteomic studies. The main aim of this work was to quantify extremely low amounts of water-insoluble proteins contained, for instance, in samples collected in bio-aerosol samplers. High CHAPS concentrations solubilize many proteins. However, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), which is the most popular immunodetection method of quantifying antigens, is unfortunately not compatible with these high CHAPS concentrations and with the low protein concentrations of TUC extracts. The most common mixture used to solubilize these proteins contains 2 mol l(-1) thiourea, 7 mol l(-1) urea and 5% w/v CHAPS. This paper shows that these components inhibit the adsorption and/or recognition of proteins on microtitration plates, preventing antigen quantification under classic ELISA conditions. We have tried several solvents (ethanol, isopropanol, acetonitrile and trichloroacetic acid) to make the TUC-soluble proteins stick to the ELISA plates, and ethanol was shown to be the most appropriate. In this study, we have defined a new ELISA protocol allowing rapid and sensitive detection of low concentrations (60-500 ng ml(-1)) of water-insoluble proteins extracted with high concentrations of TUC.
    Tipo de documento:
    Referencia
    Referencia del producto:
    LP4
    Nombre del producto:
    Lipoprotein Deficient Serum, human, 100 mg

  • GABA-dopamine receptor-receptor interactions in neostriatal membranes of the rat. 9239761

    Recent evidence has shown in membrane preparations that the binding of one ligand to its receptor is able to modify the binding parameters of a second receptor (receptor-receptor interactions), allowing the modulation of incoming signals onto a neuron. To further understand the gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABA)-dopamine (DA) interactions in the neostriatum we have carried out experiments to explore whether an activation of the GABA(A) receptor could affect the binding characteristics of the D2 DA receptor in membrane preparations of the rat neostriatum. The results show the GABA (30-100 nM) significantly increases the dissociation constant of the high affinity (KH) D2 DA binding site (labelled with the selective D2 DA receptor antagonist [3H]raclopride and that such an effect is fully counteracted by the GABA(A) receptor antagonist bicuculline (1 microM). It is suggested that such putative GABA(A)/D2 receptor-receptor interactions may take place in the somato-dendritic membrane of the striato-pallidal GABA neurons and that it may modulate the inhibitory effects of DA on these neurons, mediated via D2 receptors.
    Tipo de documento:
    Referencia
    Referencia del producto:
    70-600

  • Human liver microsomal N-hydroxylation of dapsone by cytochrome P-4503A4. 1588928

    One of the major routes of elimination of dapsone (4,4'-diaminodiphenylsulfone) is by N-oxidation, to produce a hydroxylamine metabolite. The specific form of cytochrome P-450 (P-450) involved in this oxidation reaction was examined in human liver microsomal preparations previously characterized with respect to their content of several known P-450 enzymes. Among five preparations, the rank order of activity for dapsone hydroxylamine formation was most well correlated with the immunochemically determined level of P-4503A4 (r = 0.94, p less than 0.03). Moreover, inhibition of microsomal oxidation was observed with antibodies specific to P-4503A, with a maximum reduction of greater than 90%, but was not produced by antibodies specific to P-4501A2, P-4502CMP, or P-4502E1. Prior incubation of microsomes with gestodene (100 microM) or troleandomycin (20 microM), known selective mechanism-based inhibitors of P-4503A enzymes (in the presence of NADPH), led to 75% and 40% reductions in catalytic activity, respectively. In contrast, preincubation with increasing concentrations of alpha-naphthoflavone, a known activator of P-4503A4, increased dapsone N-hydroxylation in a concentration-dependent manner, with 5-fold activation being observed at 50 microM alpha-naphthoflavone. Finally, P-4503A4 isolated from human liver microsomes and cDNA-expressed P-4503A4 (in yeast) were both able to catalyze dapsone N-hydroxylation, with the latter preparation exhibiting a 3-fold activation in the presence of 100 microM alpha-naphthoflavone. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that N-oxidation of dapsone in human liver is predominantly mediated by P-4503A4, and they suggest that quantitative measurement of this metabolic pathway in vivo might serve as an index of the activity of this enzyme.
    Tipo de documento:
    Referencia
    Referencia del producto:
    20-176
    Nombre del producto:
    100X GTPγS, 10mM
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